FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\prd[4]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\prd⁴

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0013967

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\prd

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

prd^2.45, prd^2.45.17

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

X ray

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

amorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Gutjahr et al., 1994)

Mutagen

X ray

(Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987, Frigerio et al., 1986, Kilchherr et al., 1986)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

1.1kb insertion after amino acid 45 of the paired-domain.

(Xue and Noll, 1996)

N-terminal insertion of a 1.1kb fragment of repetitive DNA.

(Gutjahr et al., 1994)

Base pairs 1065-1069 inclusive are deleted and replaced with a 1.1kb insertion in the second exon of the prd gene. The 1.1kb insertion is present over a hundred times in the genome, scattered over all four chromosomes.

(Frigerio et al., 1986)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

delins

2L:12,084,939..12,084,943 [-]

Comment:

5 bases deleted and replaced with a 1.1 kb insertion.

(Frigerio et al., 1986)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Interaction

References

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive

(Xue and Noll, 1996, Gutjahr et al., 1994)

male sterile

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

male sterile (with Df(2L)Prl), with prd^wt

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

pair rule phenotype | larval stage (with Df(2L)Prl)

(Li et al., 2015)

some die during embryonic stage | recessive

(Xue and Noll, 1996, Gutjahr et al., 1994)

Phenotype Manifest In

male accessory gland

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

male accessory gland (with Df(2L)Prl), with prd^wt

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl mutants lose half of the segmental equivalents and show the pair-rule phenotype in larval cuticle, compared to heterozygotes.

(Li et al., 2015)

When wild-type females previously mated to wild-type males are mated with Tm1^gs1 males (which ejaculate seminal fluid but no sperm) the proportion of females with no stored sperm is significantly less than for females that have not undergone a second mating. However when the second mating is with prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl; prd^wt males (which do not ejaculate at all) the proportion of females with stored sperm is no different to that seen when the second mating is with Tm1^gs1 males, suggesting that seminal fluid is not necessary for the loss of stored sperm on mating.

(Snook and Hosken, 2004)

Wild-type females mated to prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males rescued by prd^wt extrude their ovipositors when subsequently challenged with wild-type males. The frequency of ovipositor extrusion elicited by the prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males rescued by prd^wt is almost the same as that elicited by control males. However, wild-type females that had been mated to prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males rescued by prd^wt and then challenged with wild-type males all remate within an hour, in contrast to wild-type females that had been mated to wild-type males and then challenged with wild-type males, which do not remate within an hour.

(Rexhepaj et al., 2003)

prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl flies rescued by one copy of prd^wt survive to adulthood, but display highly underdeveloped or absent accessory glands. Males are sterile. If prd^+t18 or prd^mf5 is used to rescue however, the flies are wild-type.

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Females mated with sons of prd^wt; prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl mothers only show a partial stimulation of oviposition during the first day after mating and lay about 25% of the clutch induced by mating with wild-type males. This stimulation is enhanced slightly, but remains constant at 30-35% of oviposition induced by wild-type for at least 5 days. These females' post copulation receptivity is indistinguishable from wild-type. When wild-type virgin females are mated with prd^wt; prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males (who are normally sterile, lacking accessory glands) followed by tud¹ males (which are also normally sterile, lacking sperm) a few offspring are produced. However when this experiment is performed in reverse (copulation with tud¹ males first) no restoration of fertility is seen.

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

Mutant cuticular phenotype of prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl transheterozygous embryos is rescued partially by one copy of and completely by two copies of P{prd-Gsb} and P{prd-Pax3}, two copies of P{prd-Gsb} can rescue embryos to adult flies. Single copy of P{prd-SN20} can rescue prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl transheterozygous embryos to adulthood.

(Xue and Noll, 1996)

prd⁴/Df(2L)prd1.7 and prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl transheterozygotes only survive to adulthood in the presence of a copy of P{prd-SN20}. These adults give rise to fertile offspring.

(Gutjahr et al., 1994)

Interacts with RpII140^wimp maternal effect.

(Parkhurst and Ish-Horowicz, 1991)

Antp, Scr and Ubx genes can function in homozygous mutant embryos. Double mutants with ftz¹³ display a complete lack of segmentation, and double mutants with opa¹ seem unsegmented.

(Tremml and Bienz, 1989)

strong allele

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/CycE^UAS.cLa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, suppressible by Myc^UAS.cZa/Scer\GAL4^mf9

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has lethal phenotype, suppressible by gsb^prd.PX

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, suppressible | partially by gsb::prd^{PrdN-GsbC.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)H99

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/Pi3K92E^UAS.Tag:MYC

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^prd.3.1/CycE^UAS.cLa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^prd.3.1/Myc^UAS.cZa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)th102

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)H99

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/Pi3K92E^UAS.Tag:MYC

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)th102

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^prd.PX

(Xue and Noll, 2002, Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb::prd^+PRD

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb::prd^GsbN+PrdC

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^N.prd/gsb::prd^GsbN+PrdC

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^int.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^prd.PX/gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{GsbN+Pax3C.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{Pax3N-GsbC.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

Other

Statement

Reference

hry²⁶, prd⁴ has partially lethal phenotype

(Bianchi-Frias et al., 2004)

hryⁱ²², prd⁴ has partially lethal phenotype

(Bianchi-Frias et al., 2004)

hryⁱ²²/h[+], prd⁴ has partially lethal phenotype

(Bianchi-Frias et al., 2004)

h[+]/hry²⁶, prd⁴ has partially lethal phenotype

(Bianchi-Frias et al., 2004)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb^ΔH.prd has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb^ΔP.prd has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb::prd^+PRD has viable | adult stage phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb::prd^GsbN+PrdC has viable | adult stage phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb^int.prd has partially lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb^prd.PX has partially lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb::prd^{PrdN-GsbC.prd} has partially lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{GsbN+Pax3C.prd} has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb^C.prd has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb^N.prd has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb^P17L.prd has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{Pax3N-GsbC.prd} has partially lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX, gsb::Poxn^{GsbN+PoxnC.prd} has lethal phenotype

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb^prd.PX has male sterile phenotype

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

gsb^prd.PX, prd⁴ has male sterile phenotype

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

Phenotype Manifest In

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/CycE^UAS.cLa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, suppressible by Myc^UAS.cZa/Scer\GAL4^mf9

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{GsbN+Pax3C.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb::Mmus\Pax3^{Pax3N-GsbC.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb::prd^+PRD

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb::prd^GsbN+PrdC

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb::prd^{PrdN-GsbC.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb^int.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by gsb^prd.PX

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has cuticle phenotype, suppressible by Mmus\Pax3^prd.PX

(Xue and Noll, 1996)

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)th102

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)H99

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/Pi3K92E^UAS.Tag:MYC

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^prd.PX

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^prd.3.1/CycE^UAS.cLa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^prd.3.1/Myc^UAS.cZa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)th102

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Df(3L)H99

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl, prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/Pi3K92E^UAS.Tag:MYC

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, prd^mf9 has male accessory gland phenotype, non-suppressible by Scer\GAL4^mf9/BacA\p35^UAS.cHa

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb::Poxn^{GsbN+PoxnC.prd}

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^ΔH.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^ΔP.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^C.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^N.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, non-suppressible by gsb^P17L.prd

(Xue et al., 2001)

Other

Statement

Reference

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, gsb^prd.PX has male accessory gland phenotype

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

gsb^prd.PX, prd⁴ has male accessory gland phenotype

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

When gsb^prd.PX is added to Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ animals, males survive to adulthood but are sterile and have smaller or no accessory glands. The addition of prd^mf5 to prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl animals that have been partially rescued by gsb^prd.PX, fully rescues the male sterility phenotype. When CycE^Scer\UAS.cLa or dm^Scer\UAS.cZa (driven by Scer\GAL4^mf9) is added to Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, (partially rescued by a weakly expressing prd^mf9 line), the accessory gland phenotype is reduced, and male fertility is restored. When CycE^Scer\UAS.cLa or (driven by Scer\GAL4^prd.3.1) is added to Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴, however, no rescue is seen. When Df(3L)H99, Df(3L)th102 or Pi3K92E^{Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC} is added to Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ animals (already partially suppressed by the addition of prd^mf9) no suppression is seen in the accessory gland or make sterility phenotypes.

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

The addition of gsb^prd.PX to prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl flies produces male flies that are sterile. These males exhibit normal copulatory behaviour. The testes, the ejaculatory duct, and the ejaculatory bulb are without obvious morphological defects. In addition, a normal amount of sperm is transferred to females during copulation. However, accessory glands are completely absent in these flies.

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Rescued by

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+t18

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^mf9

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^UAS.cJa/prd^mf9/Scer\GAL4^mf9

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^mf5

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^mf8

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^mf7

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+t18

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^ΔPRD

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+mXa

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+t18

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ is rescued by prd^ΔPRD

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+mXa

(Xue et al., 2001)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is rescued by prd^+t18

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

prd⁴ is rescued by prd^ΔPR.hs

(Cai et al., 1994)

Partially rescued by

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is partially rescued by prd^+mXa

(Li et al., 2015)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is partially rescued by prd^ΔPBC

(Li et al., 2015)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is partially rescued by prd^wt

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is partially rescued by prd^wt

(Xue and Noll, 2000)

Not rescued by

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^wt

(Li et al., 2015)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^mf4

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^mf2

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^mf10

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^mf1

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^mf3

(Xue and Noll, 2002)

Df(2L)Prl/prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^N

(Xue et al., 2001)

prd⁴ is not rescued by prd^N

(Xue et al., 2001)

Comments

prd^ΔPBC or prd^+mXa rescues the larval pair rule phenotype and embryonic lethality seen in prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl animals; however rescue with prd^ΔPBC leads to a distorted segmentation phenotype in adult cuticles. prd^ΔPBC rescues accessory gland development and male fertility (not fully) to a similar extent as prd^+mXa in prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl; however rescue with prd^ΔPBC leads to significantly reduced fecundity (fewer progeny) compared to rescue with prd^+mXa. prd^wt fails to rescue accessory gland development in prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males. prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males rescued with prd^ΔPBC show lower mating success compared to those rescued with prd^+mXa, though they show no significant difference in climbing ability. Females mated to prd⁴/Df(2L)Prl males rescued with prd^ΔPBC (even two copies) behave like virgins, with low egg-laying, high receptivity and low rejection; mutant males rescued with prd^+mXa behave similar to controls.

(Li et al., 2015)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Kyoto

101408

CyO, Duox^Cy dpy^lv1 pr¹ cn² / prd⁴ Adc^b-1 pr¹ cn¹ sca¹

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Comments

Removes odd numbered en stripes.

(Tremml and Bienz, 1989)

prd RNA expression has been studied in prd⁴ embryos.

(Baumgartner and Noll, 1990)

The expression of l(1)sc is altered during stage 9 in homozygous mutant embryos.

(Martin-Bermudo et al., 1991)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 4 )

Crossreferences

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (37)

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