FB2022_03, released June 9, 2022

Gene: Dmel\Acer

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Acer
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related
Annotation Symbol
CG10593
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0016122
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related (Acer) encodes an enzyme with peptidyl-dipeptidase activity that regulates heart rate and circadian sleep/wake cycle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(2)k07704

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
29D4-29D4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-33
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:8521933..8525740
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables peptidyl-dipeptidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Bingham et al., 2006, Siviter et al., 2002, Coates et al., 2000, Houard et al., 1998)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables metalloendopeptidase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with MGI:MGI:87874
(Taylor et al., 1996)
enables metallopeptidase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000828236
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
enables peptidyl-dipeptidase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Ance; FB:FBgn0012037
(Taylor et al., 1996)
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from sequence model
(Taylor et al., 1996)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in heart development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Crackower et al., 2002)
involved_in heart morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liao et al., 2014)
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carhan et al., 2011)
involved_in proteolysis
inferred from direct assay
(Bingham et al., 2006, Siviter et al., 2002, Houard et al., 1998)
involved_in regulation of heart rate
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liao et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in proteolysis
traceable author statement
(assigned by UniProt )
(Coates et al., 2000)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Houard et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Carhan et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002575170
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000828236
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidase M2 family. (Q9VLJ6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related (Acer) encodes an enzyme with peptidyl-dipeptidase activity that regulates heart rate and circadian sleep/wake cycle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME-LIKE PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASES -
Drosophila angiotensin-converting enzyme-like peptidyl-dipeptidases are secreted peptidases that remove the two terminal amino acids from peptides by hydrolysis. They share ancestry with the membrane-anchored mammalian angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Although the endogenous target(s) of these enzymes have not been identified, they have been shown to cleave various mammalian ACE peptide hormone targets and peptide hormones from other insects. They belong to MEROPS family M2. (Adapted from FBrf0129770, FBrf0100789 and FBrf0105845.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
May be involved in the specific maturation or degradation of a number of bioactive peptides. May have a role in the specification of heart progenitors.
(UniProt, Q9VLJ6)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Acer for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure New Section
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VLJ6)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Acer-RA
FBtr0079685
NM_057847
2342
630
Acer-RB
FBtr0333416
NM_001273329
3198
630
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4.0, 3.1 (northern blot)

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Acer-PA
FBpp0079297
73.1
630
6.32
Q9VLJ6
NP_477195
AAF52693
Acer-PB
FBpp0305608
73.1
630
6.32
Q9VLJ6
NP_001260258
AGB92794
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

630 aa isoforms: Acer-PA, Acer-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

630 (aa)

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Post Translational Modification

Glycosylated.

(UniProt, Q9VLJ6)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Acer using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that the Fly Cell Atlas project found the gene expressed in that cell type. Darker colors mean that more cells of that cell type express the gene:
 low
high 
Colorless tiles indicate that there is no scRNAseq data for the gene in that cell type.
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data (RNA and/or protein) has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
Colored tiles in the ribbon indicate the average RNA expression level of the gene at the indicated stages:
 low
high 
as determined by RNA-seq (RPKM) using whole organism samples modENCODE, Brown et al., 2014. For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
yolk nucleus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body primordium

Comment: reported as fat body specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body/gonad primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
apoptotic amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 14 -- 15
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Taylor et al., 1996)
adult stage
adult fat body
(Carhan et al., 2011)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage & larval stage & adult stage
(Taylor et al., 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data

Acer is strongly associated with the fat body in both head and abdomen.

(Carhan et al., 2011)

Acer transcripts are observed by in situ hybridization in presumptive heart cells during dorsal closure.

(Taylor et al., 1996)

Acer transcripts are detected in embryos, larvae, and adults on northern blots.

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult fat body
(Carhan et al., 2011)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Acer is strongly associated with the fat body in both head and abdomen.

(Carhan et al., 2011)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Houard et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Carhan et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Acer in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Acer
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Acer
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene not disrupted in
Df(2L)N22-5
(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel7038
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\ACE
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
3  
Hsap\ACE2
6 of 15
No
Yes
Hsap\BMX
1 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Ace3
9 of 15
Yes
No
Mmus\Ace
9 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Ace2
6 of 15
No
Yes
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Ace
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ace2
4 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Ace3
4 of 13
No
No
Rnor\LOC102556346
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\ace
6 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ace2
5 of 12
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\ace
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\ace2
7 of 15
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\acn-1
10 of 15
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Ance
9 of 10
Ance-3
6 of 10
Ance-5
6 of 10
Ance-2
5 of 10
Ance-4
5 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    AcerΔ168
    ameliorates  Alzheimer's disease 1
    modeled by Hsap\APPC99.V717I.UAS
    (Lee et al., 2020)
    modeled by Hsap\APPAβ42.UAS.cBa
    (Lee et al., 2020)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ACE; angiotensin I converting enzyme
    10 of 15
    106180
       
      ACE2; angiotensin converting enzyme 2
      6 of 15
      300335
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Summary of Physical Interactions
          esyN Network Diagram
          Interactions Browser
          Summary of Genetic Interactions
          esyN Network Diagram
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          External Data
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Pathways
          Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
          Metabolic Pathways
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          External Data
          Linkouts
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          2L
          Recombination map
          2-33
          Cytogenetic map
          29D4-29D4
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          29D4-29D4
          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k03706k03706&P{lacW}Acerk07704 and P{PZ}lmg03424
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          29D-29E
          (Shirras, 1996.3.25)
          29D1-29D2
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Spradling et al., 1999)
          29D1-29D2
          (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location

          2-33

          (FlyBase, 2016)

          2-28.4

          (Comeron et al., 2012)

          2-

          (Shirras, 1996.3.25)
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (9)
          Genomic Clones (16)
           

          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

          cDNA Clones (161)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           

          polyclonal

          (Carhan et al., 2011)
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Other Information
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database identify of
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Acer l(2)k07704

          (Spradling et al., 1999)
          Additional comments
          Other Comments

          Acer is essential for both heart physiology and longevity.

          (Liao et al., 2014)

          Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day.

          (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

          Acer mRNA is found in the dorsal vessel during embryogenesis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that duplication of an ancestral ACE gene occurred in the lineage leading to the arthropods (Ance and Acer), independently of the lineage that gave rise to the two domain somatic ACE of mammals.

          (Taylor et al., 1996)
          Origin and Etymology
          Discoverer
          Etymology
          Identification
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 47 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
          modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
          Linkouts
          ApoDroso - Functional genomic database for photoreceptor development, survival and function
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          References (81)