FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Acer
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Acer
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related
Annotation Symbol
CG10593
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0016122
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
16 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
Gene Summary
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related (Acer) encodes an enzyme with peptidyl-dipeptidase activity that regulates heart rate and circadian sleep/wake cycle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(2)k07704

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
29D4-29D4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-33
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:8521933..8525740
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables peptidyl-dipeptidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Bingham et al., 2006, Siviter et al., 2002, Coates et al., 2000, Houard et al., 1998)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables metalloendopeptidase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with MGI:MGI:87874
(Taylor et al., 1996)
enables metallopeptidase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001548
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000828236
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables peptidyl-dipeptidase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with FLYBASE:Ance; FB:FBgn0012037
(Taylor et al., 1996)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001548
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from sequence model
(Taylor et al., 1996)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in heart development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Crackower et al., 2002)
involved_in heart morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liao et al., 2014)
involved_in positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carhan et al., 2011)
involved_in proteolysis
inferred from direct assay
(Bingham et al., 2006, Siviter et al., 2002, Houard et al., 1998)
involved_in regulation of heart rate
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liao et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in proteolysis
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001548
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
traceable author statement
(Coates et al., 2000)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Houard et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Carhan et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000828256
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001548
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000828256
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidase M2 family. (Q9VLJ6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
peptidyl-dipeptidase activity
metalloendopeptidase activity
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related (Acer) encodes an enzyme with peptidyl-dipeptidase activity that regulates heart rate and circadian sleep/wake cycle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME-LIKE PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASES -
Drosophila angiotensin-converting enzyme-like peptidyl-dipeptidases are secreted peptidases that remove the two terminal amino acids from peptides by hydrolysis. They share ancestry with the membrane-anchored mammalian angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Although the endogenous target(s) of these enzymes have not been identified, they have been shown to cleave various mammalian ACE peptide hormone targets and peptide hormones from other insects. They belong to MEROPS family M2. (Adapted from FBrf0129770, FBrf0100789 and FBrf0105845.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
May be involved in the specific maturation or degradation of a number of bioactive peptides. May have a role in the specification of heart progenitors.
(UniProt, Q9VLJ6)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Acer for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VLJ6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 6.61

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Acer-RA
FBtr0079685
NM_057847
2147
630
Acer-RB
FBtr0333416
NM_001273329
3198
630
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4.0, 3.1 (northern blot)

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Acer-PA
FBpp0079297
73.1
630
6.32
Q9VLJ6
NP_477195
AAF52693
Acer-PB
FBpp0305608
73.1
630
6.32
Q9VLJ6
NP_001260258
AGB92794
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

630 aa isoforms: Acer-PA, Acer-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

630 (aa)

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Post Translational Modification

Glycosylated.

(UniProt, Q9VLJ6)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Acer using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.46

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
yolk nucleus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body primordium

Comment: reported as fat body specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body/gonad primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
apoptotic amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 14 -- 15
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Taylor et al., 1996)
adult stage
adult fat body
(Carhan et al., 2011)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage & larval stage & adult stage
(Taylor et al., 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data

Acer is strongly associated with the fat body in both head and abdomen.

(Carhan et al., 2011)

Acer transcripts are observed by in situ hybridization in presumptive heart cells during dorsal closure.

(Taylor et al., 1996)

Acer transcripts are detected in embryos, larvae, and adults on northern blots.

(Taylor et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult fat body
(Carhan et al., 2011)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Acer is strongly associated with the fat body in both head and abdomen.

(Carhan et al., 2011)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Houard et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Carhan et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Acer in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 13 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Acer
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Acer
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene not disrupted in
Df(2L)N22-5
(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel7038
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\ACE
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
3  
Hsap\ACE2
8 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)
Rnor\Ace
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ace3
9 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ace2
6 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Mmus\Ace3
10 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ace
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ace2
7 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\ace
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ace2
3 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\dsp
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\ace
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\ace2
8 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\acn-1
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (10)
Agam\ANCE2
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\ANCE4
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\ANCE5
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\ANCE6
6 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\ANCE9
6 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\ANCE7
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\ANCE8
5 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\ANCE1
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\ANCE3
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009753
3 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Acer. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
Ance
11 of 13
Ance-3
9 of 13
Ance-4
7 of 13
Ance-5
7 of 13
Ance-2
6 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
AcerΔ168
ameliorates  Alzheimer's disease 1
modeled by Hsap\APPC99.V717I.UAS
(Lee et al., 2020)
modeled by Hsap\APPAβ42.UAS.cBa
(Lee et al., 2020)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
ACE; angiotensin I converting enzyme
9 of 14
106180
     
    ACE2; angiotensin converting enzyme 2
    8 of 14
    300335
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2L
        Recombination map
        2-33
        Cytogenetic map
        29D4-29D4
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        29D4-29D4
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k03706k03706&P{lacW}Acerk07704 and P{PZ}lmg03424
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        29D-29E
        (Shirras, 1996.3.25)
        29D1-29D2
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Spradling et al., 1999)
        29D1-29D2
        (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-33

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-28.4

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        2-

        (Shirras, 1996.3.25)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (16)
        Genomic Clones (16)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (160)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Carhan et al., 2011)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Acer is essential for both heart physiology and longevity.

            (Liao et al., 2014)

            Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day.

            (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

            Acer mRNA is found in the dorsal vessel during embryogenesis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that duplication of an ancestral ACE gene occurred in the lineage leading to the arthropods (Ance and Acer), independently of the lineage that gave rise to the two domain somatic ACE of mammals.

            (Taylor et al., 1996)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: Acer l(2)k07704

            (Spradling et al., 1999)
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 46 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            MEROPS - An information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them.
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            References (92)