FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\SuUR
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\SuUR
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Suppressor of Under-Replication
Annotation Symbol
CG7869
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0025355
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
Suppressor of Under-Replication (SuUR) encodes a chromatin binding protein involved in heterochromatin assembly and regulation of the DNA endoreduplication. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Su(UR)ES, Su(UR)

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
68A4-68A4
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-34
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:11064991..11069025
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chromatin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003, Makunin et al., 2002)
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9XZ34
(Munden et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000330
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromatin organization
inferred from expression pattern
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
involved_in chromosome organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Demakova et al., 2007)
involved_in DNA endoreduplication
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from expression pattern
(Makunin et al., 2002)
involved_in heterochromatin formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Andreyeva et al., 2007)
involved_in maintenance of protein location
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Munden et al., 2018)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Munden et al., 2018)
involved_in positive regulation of DNA endoreduplication
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Koryakov et al., 2003)
involved_in protein localization to chromosome
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Munden et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of DNA replication
traceable author statement
(Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Swenson et al., 2016)
located_in intercalary heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
located_in nuclear replication fork
inferred from direct assay
(Munden et al., 2018)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Yurlova et al., 2009)
located_in pericentric heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Andreyenkova et al., 2009, Posukh et al., 2007, Zhimulev et al., 2003)
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in polytene chromosome
traceable author statement
(Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Suppressor of Under-Replication (SuUR) encodes a chromatin binding protein involved in heterochromatin assembly and regulation of the DNA endoreduplication. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required for underreplication of DNA, which is found in many late replicating euchromatic regions of salivary gland polytene chromosomes (PubMed:11901119, PubMed:12456726, PubMed:30277458). Functions by promoting the localization and retention of Rif1 to active DNA replication forks where Rif1 inhibits replication fork progression (PubMed:30277458). Controls chromatin organization in polytene chromosomes (PubMed:12456726).
(UniProt, Q9VTE2)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

SNF2-domain protein - inhibits replication fork progression to promote DNA underreplication - binds to H1 which is required for SuUR binding to chromatin in vivo - interacts with Rif1 which has a direct role in copy number control

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\SuUR for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VTE2)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.54

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
SuUR-RA
FBtr0076203
NM_080096
3776
962
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
SuUR-PA
FBpp0075933
107.6
962
10.43
Q9VTE2
NP_524835
AAF50110
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts (via SNF2-like region) with Rif1.

(UniProt, Q9VTE2)
Domain

The SNF2-like region is essential for localization to DNA replication forks and for promoting underreplication. It is not required for localization to heterochromatin.

(UniProt, Q9VTE2)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\SuUR using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

NA

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
oogenesis
follicle cell
(Yurlova et al., 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Swenson et al., 2016)
located_in intercalary heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
located_in nuclear replication fork
inferred from direct assay
(Munden et al., 2018)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Yurlova et al., 2009)
located_in pericentric heterochromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Andreyenkova et al., 2009, Posukh et al., 2007, Zhimulev et al., 2003)
inferred from direct assay
(Zhimulev et al., 2003)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\SuUR in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 26 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of SuUR
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of SuUR
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 14 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Sterility
Allele
female fertile, with Scer\GAL4c323
female semi-sterile, with Scer\GAL4c323
female sterile, with Scer\GAL4c323
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4AB1
enhancer of variegation, with Dp(1;f)1187
enhancer of variegation, with In(1)sc8
enhancer of variegation, with In(1)wm4h
enhancer of variegation, with T(2;3)SbV
some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
suppressor of variegation, with In(1)sc8
suppressor of variegation, with In(1)wm4h
suppressor of variegation, with T(1;2)dorvar7
suppressor of variegation | dominant, with Dp(1;f)1187
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
alpha-heterochromatin
beta-heterochromatin
embryonic/larval salivary gland, with Scer\GAL4AB1
heterochromatin
intercalary heterochromatin
intercalary heterochromatin, with Scer\GAL4Sgs3.PD
polytene chromosome
polytene chromosome, with Scer\GAL4AB1
polytene chromosome, with Scer\GAL4Sgs3.PD
polytene chromosome & salivary gland | conditional - heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Sgs3.PD
polytene chromosome band
polytene chromosome band & salivary gland | ectopic
polytene chromosome weak point
salivary gland, with Scer\GAL4AB1
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005819
2 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:SuUR. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Interacts (via SNF2-like region) with Rif1.
    (UniProt, Q9VTE2 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-34
    Cytogenetic map
    68A4-68A4
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    68A4-68A4
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}klu09036 and P{PZ}l(3)0123901239&P{lacW}l(3)01239j9B4
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    68A-68A
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Kokoza and Zhimulev, 2000)
    68A3-68A6
    (Makunin, 2000.4.26)
    68A4-68A5
    (Belyaeva et al., 1999)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-34

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-28.4

    (Comeron et al., 2012)

    3-34.8

    (Belyaeva et al., 1998)

    3-

    (Belyaeva et al., 1998, Belyaeva et al., 1998)
    Left of (cM)
    (Belyaeva et al., 1998)
    Right of (cM)
    (Belyaeva et al., 1998)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (25)
    cDNA Clones (279)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Nordman et al., 2014, Kolesnikova et al., 2005, Makunin et al., 2002)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for SuUR protein in Kc167 cells; see Chromatin_types_NKI collection report. Individual protein-binding experiments listed under "Samples" at GEO_GSE22069 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE22069).

          (Filion et al., 2010)

          Homozygous SuUR mutants and flies carrying additional copies of SuUR+ do not show changes in developmental time.

          (Volkova and Zhimulev, 2001)

          Flies carrying four doses of SuUR+ show a considerable increase in ectopic conjugation in the polytene chromosomes compared to wild-type flies. Both the proportion of regions participating in conjugation and the number of chromosomes with numerous contact nodes are increased. As a result, chromosomes become twisted and wound and contain many loops or nodes. The number of weak points is increased compared to wild type.

          (Zhimulev et al., 2000)

          Mutation in SuUR suppresses DNA underreplication in intercalary and pericentric heterochromatin of polytene chromosomes.

          (Belyaeva et al., 1998)

          The In(1)scV2 chromosome exhibits alterations of polytene chromosome morphology: suppression of heterochromatin underreplication by the restoration of DNA polytenization.

          (Belyaeva et al., 1998)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Su(UR)ES CG7869

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments

          One or more of the processed

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2013)

          transcripts for these genes contain two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs). The non-overlapping

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2013)

          ORFs are represented by SuUR (FBgn0025355), CG45101 (FBgn0266540).

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2013)

          Source for merge of Su(UR)ES CG7869 was sequence comparison ( date:000501 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CG7869
          (Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Hayden and Bosco, 2008, Brandt, 2006, Makunin et al., 2002)
          Dromel_CG7869_FBtr0076203_suur_mORF
          (Hayden and Bosco, 2008)
          SU(UR)
          (van Steensel et al., 2010)
          SUUR
          (Zhimulev et al., 2024, Andreyeva et al., 2022, Llorens-Giralt et al., 2021, Khoroshko et al., 2018, Pokholkova et al., 2015, Posukh et al., 2015, Maksimov et al., 2014, Andreyenkova et al., 2013, van Bemmel et al., 2013, Ranz et al., 2012, Kolesnikova et al., 2011, Mikhaylova and Nurminsky, 2011, Filion et al., 2010, Andreyenkova et al., 2009, Babenko et al., 2009, Pindyurin et al., 2008, Zhimulev et al., 2007, Andreyeva et al., 2005)
          Su(UR)
          (Johansson et al., 2007, Belyakin et al., 2005, Semeshin et al., 2001, Belyaeva et al., 1998, Belyaeva et al., 1998)
          Su(UR)ES
          (Hsieh et al., 2007, Gonzy et al., 2002, Kolesnikova et al., 2001, Moshkin et al., 2001, Volkova and Zhimulev, 2001, Kokoza and Zhimulev, 2000, Zhimulev et al., 2000, Makunin et al., 1999, Belyaeva et al., 1998)
          SuUR
          (Colmenares et al., 2025, Kolesnikova et al., 2025, Kolesnikova et al., 2025, Klose and Shaw, 2021, Zykova et al., 2021, Demakova et al., 2020, Kolesnikova et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020, Meyer-Nava et al., 2020, Wooten et al., 2020, Sidorenko et al., 2019, Kolesnikova et al., 2018, Munden et al., 2018, Pokholkova et al., 2018, Andreyeva et al., 2017, Clandinin and Owens, 2016-, Koryakov and Zhimulev, 2015, Nordman and Orr-Weaver, 2015, Alekseyenko et al., 2014, Nordman et al., 2014, Yarosh and Spradling, 2014, Elgin and Reuter, 2013, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2013, Kolesnikova et al., 2013, Belyaeva et al., 2012, Érdi et al., 2012, Koryakov et al., 2011, Nordman et al., 2011, Belyakin et al., 2010, Gan et al., 2010, Kolesnikova et al., 2010, Kolesnikova et al., 2010, Yurlova et al., 2010, Kokoza et al., 2009, Kolesnikova et al., 2009, Yurlova et al., 2009, Yurlova et al., 2009, Andreyeva et al., 2008, de Wit et al., 2008, Hayden and Bosco, 2008, Andreyeva et al., 2007, Demakova et al., 2007, Kolesnikova and Andreyeva, 2007, Koryakov et al., 2007, Pindyurin et al., 2007, Posukh et al., 2007, Zhimulev et al., 2007, Belyaeva et al., 2006, Brandt, 2006, Koryakov et al., 2006, Kolesnikova et al., 2005, Wallace and Orr-Weaver, 2005, Volkova et al., 2004, Koryakov et al., 2003, Zhimulev et al., 2003, Zhimulev et al., 2003, Makunin et al., 2002, Semeshin et al., 2002)
          su(UR)ES
          (Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003)
          Name Synonyms
          Suppressor of Under- replication
          (Kolesnikova et al., 2009)
          Suppressor of Under-Replication
          (Ranz et al., 2012, Pindyurin et al., 2007, Zhimulev et al., 2003, Makunin et al., 2002, Belyaeva et al., 1998)
          Suppressor of UnderReplication
          (Kolesnikova et al., 2013, Andreyeva et al., 2008, Kolesnikova and Andreyeva, 2007, Zhimulev et al., 2007, Kolesnikova et al., 2005)
          Suppressor of Underreplication
          (Demakova et al., 2007, Andreyeva et al., 2005)
          Suppressor of Underreplication protein
          (Kolesnikova et al., 2011)
          Suppressor of underreplication
          (Hayden and Bosco, 2008)
          suppressor of under-replication
          (Érdi et al., 2012)
          suppressor of underreplication
          (Posukh et al., 2007, Belyakin et al., 2005)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0036120
          Datasets (2)
          Study focus (2)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          • allele_used
          modENCODE_replication_factor_ChIP
          Genome-wide localization of essential replication factors characterized by ChIP-Seq and ChIP-chip.
          • transgene_used
          FBGSE22069
          Protein profiling reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells.
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 39 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (139)