FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Amnionless
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Amnionless
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Amnionless
Annotation Symbol
CG11592
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0025686
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
Amnionless (Amnionless) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that encodes a type I transmembrane coreceptor which forms part of the 'Cubam' receptor complex with Cubn. This complex is required for vitamin B12 transport in the gut and protein uptake by insect nephrocytes, as well as protein reabsorption by mammalian renal epithelial cells. Mutations in the human gene are associated with the rare autosomal recessive condition Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, a form of vitamin B12 deficiency. [Date last reviewed: 2023-01-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

dAMN

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
21B7-21B7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-0.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:287252..289144
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (10 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables cargo receptor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables cargo receptor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in clathrin-dependent endocytosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
involved_in nephrocyte filtration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhang et al., 2013)
involved_in renal protein absorption
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in intracellular protein localization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in receptor-mediated endocytosis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in renal protein absorption
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of receptor complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Cubn; FB:FBgn0052702,FLYBASE:Cubn2; FB:FBgn0259140
(Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in apical plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in endocytic vesicle
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in membrane
inferred from sequence model
(Zhang et al., 2013)
part_of receptor complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001029969
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Amnionless (Amnionless) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that encodes a type I transmembrane coreceptor which forms part of the 'Cubam' receptor complex with Cubn. This complex is required for vitamin B12 transport in the gut and protein uptake by insect nephrocytes, as well as protein reabsorption by mammalian renal epithelial cells. Mutations in the human gene are associated with the rare autosomal recessive condition Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, a form of vitamin B12 deficiency. [Date last reviewed: 2023-01-19]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required in the nephrocyte for normal uptake of proteins and elimination of toxins, and for maintenance of endocytic trafficking structures. May function together with Cubn.
(UniProt, Q9VPN2)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Amnionless for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VPN2)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Amnionless-RA
FBtr0078134
NM_134671
1681
505
Amnionless-RB
FBtr0330647
NM_001272884
1893
505
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Amnionless-PA
FBpp0077793
56.9
505
4.48
Q9VPN2
NP_608515
AAF51514
Amnionless-PB
FBpp0303497
56.9
505
4.48
Q9VPN2
NP_001259813
AGB92350
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

505 aa isoforms: Amnionless-PA, Amnionless-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Amnionless using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.41

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult pericardial cell
(Hartley et al., 2016)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data

Amnionless protein is expressed in pericardial cells (pericardial nephrocytes).

(Hartley et al., 2016)
Marker for
 
pericardial cell
(Hartley et al., 2016)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of receptor complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Cubn; FB:FBgn0052702,FLYBASE:Cubn2; FB:FBgn0259140
(Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Amnionless in JBrowse
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Amnionless
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Amnionless
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel8001
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
chemical sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
decreased speed of aging, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
increased speed of aging, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
long lived, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
short lived, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult brain, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
adult heart, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
adult pericardial cell, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
chaeta, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
indirect flight muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
larval pericardial cell, with Scer\GAL4Ugt36A1.PK
nephrocyte | larval stage
nephrocyte | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4sns.PU
nephrocyte diaphragm | larval stage
nephrocyte diaphragm | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4sns.PU
nucleus | larval stage
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\AMN
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Amn
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Amn
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\amn
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\XB5961956
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\amn
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\Y75B7AL.2
2 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012405
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Amnionless. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
AMN; amnion associated transmembrane protein
11 of 14
AMNION-ASSOCIATED TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN; AMN
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Dmel gene
    Ortholog showing functional complementation
    Supporting References
    Amnionless
    Hsap\AMN
    (Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Amnionless - Cubn
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
    (Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Amnionless
    suppressible
    G6pd
    (Xi et al., 2024)
    Amnionless
    suppressible
    mgl
    (Atienza-Manuel et al., 2021)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-0.5
    Cytogenetic map
    21B7-21B7
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    21B7-21B7
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spenk06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38k14504
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-0.5

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-0.0

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (7)
    Genomic Clones (17)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (7)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Ivy et al., 2015)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Identification: cDNA screen for secreted and transmembrane proteins expressed during embryogenesis.

          (Kopczynski et al., 1998)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: BEST:CK02467 CG11592

          (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.11.2)
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: Amnionless CG11592

          (Zhang et al., 2013)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 31 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          References (43)