FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Mdh2b
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Mdh2b
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Malate dehydrogenase 2b
Annotation Symbol
CG10749
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0036328
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
(S)-malate dehydrogenase (NAD(+), oxaloacetate-forming) (1.1.1.37)
Gene Summary
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
69F2-69F2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-39
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:12972474..12973650
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catalytic activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015955
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000166149
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010097
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables malate dehydrogenase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001252
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557, InterPro:IPR015955, InterPro:IPR022383
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001236
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carboxylic acid metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in gluconeogenesis
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P08249
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in malate metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001252
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010097
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000899458
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000166149
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000899458
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH + H(+) (1.1.1.37)
RHEA 21432: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
L-MALATE DEHYDROGENASES -
L-malate dehydrogenases are NAD-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze interconversion of the substrates malate and oxaloacetate. This reaction plays key role in the malate/aspartate shuttle across the mitochondrial membrane, and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. (Adapted from PMID:12537350.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Mdh2b for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VU29)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Mdh2b-RA
FBtr0075871
NM_140359
1177
347
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Mdh2b-PA
FBpp0075605
36.7
347
7.70
Q9VU29
NP_648616
AAF49862
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Mdh2b using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

5.00

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
spermatogenesis & adult stage | male
testis | restricted
(Vedelek et al., 2018)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Mdh2b-mCherry}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
spermatogenesis & adult stage | male
testis | restricted
(Vedelek et al., 2018)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Mdh2b in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 0 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Mdh2b
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Mdh2b
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
male fertile, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\MDH2
8 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\LDHA
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\LDHAL6A
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LDHAL6B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LDHB
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\LDHC
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MDH1B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MDH1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\UEVLD
2 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Mdh2
8 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ldha
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ldhb
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ldhc
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mdh1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Mdh2
7 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ldhal6b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldhb
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldhc
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldha
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mdh1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\mdh2
4 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\mdh1b
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mdh1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tpte2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\uevld
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
Drer\mdh2
8 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ldhba
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mdh1aa
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ldha
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ldhbb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\mdh-2
8 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\ldh-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\mdh-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001903
7 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009510
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004880
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)
Atha\MDH
7 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\mMDH1
7 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\mMDH2
7 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\PMDH1
7 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\PMDH2
7 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT3G53910
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G17260
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G58330
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH3
2 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\MDH1
9 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\MDH2
5 of 13
No
Yes
Scer\MDH3
5 of 13
No
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\SPCC306.08c
9 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\SPAC186.08c
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\mdh
7 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Mdh2b. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
Mdh2
11 of 13
Mdh2c
10 of 13
CG13334
3 of 13
Ldh
3 of 13
Mdh1
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    MDH2; malate dehydrogenase 2
    model of  developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 51
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    MDH2; malate dehydrogenase 2
    8 of 14
    154100
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-39
    Cytogenetic map
    69F2-69F2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    69F2-69F2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0692406924 and P{lacW}RpS12s2783
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-39

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-33.8

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (4)
    Genomic Clones (21)
    cDNA Clones (9)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        The CG10748 and CG10749 genes may have been derived from the Mdh2 gene by retroposition and subsequent tandem duplication.

        (Bai et al., 2007)

        The CG10749 gene may have been derived from the Mdh2 gene by retroposition.

        (Langille and Clark, 2007)
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Mdh2b CG10749

        (Zaru and Marygold, 2025)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        Named as 'Malate dehydrogenase 2b' (Mdh2b) because it is the second identified gene known/predicted to encode a catalytically active MDH2 enzyme.

        (Zaru and Marygold, 2025)
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (40)