FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Mdh2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Mdh2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Malate dehydrogenase 2
Annotation Symbol
CG7998
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0262559
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
(S)-malate dehydrogenase (NAD(+), oxaloacetate-forming) (1.1.1.37)
Gene Summary
Malate dehydrogenase 2 (Mdh2) encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of S-malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. It is involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis and the malate-aspartate shuttle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(3)psg7, psg7, malate dehydrogenase

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
90F8-90F9
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-62
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:18226396..18228718
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (20 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 1979)
enables malate dehydrogenase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catalytic activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015955
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000166149
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010097
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557, InterPro:IPR015955, InterPro:IPR022383
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001236
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (12 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in autophagic cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
involved_in larval midgut cell programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
involved_in oxaloacetate metabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Lee et al., 1979)
involved_in positive regulation of programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in pupal development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in regulation of programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2008)
involved_in salivary gland histolysis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carboxylic acid metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in gluconeogenesis
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P08249
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in malate metabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9VKX2
(Alahiotis, 1979)
involved_in malate-aspartate shuttle
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P40926
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010097
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000899458
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2009, Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000166149
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in mitochondrial matrix
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P08249
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000899458
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor
L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH + H(+) (1.1.1.37)
RHEA 21432:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Malate dehydrogenase 2 (Mdh2) encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of S-malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. It is involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, gluconeogenesis and the malate-aspartate shuttle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
L-MALATE DEHYDROGENASES -
L-malate dehydrogenases are NAD-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze interconversion of the substrates malate and oxaloacetate. This reaction plays key role in the malate/aspartate shuttle across the mitochondrial membrane, and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. (Adapted from PMID:12537350.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
GLUCONEOGENESIS -
Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate, lactate, alanine, glutamine and glycerol into glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6P) and plays a crucial role in maintaining sugar homeostasis when dietary carbohydrates are limited. The pathway starts in the mitochondrion with the production of oxaloacetate which, via a series of enzymatic reactions and transport, is converted to cytosolic oxaloacetate which in turn is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate. The subsequent steps involved in the production of Glc-6P are the reverse reactions of glycolysis, only the penultimate step, the dephosphorylation of fructose 1,6-phosphate, is carried out by a different enzyme Fbp. In D. melanogaster, Glc-6P is mainly converted into the disaccharide trehalose, the main hemolymph sugar. However, in a subset of neurons, Glc-6P is converted in the endoplasmic reticulum into glucose. (Adapted from FBrf0236342 and PMID:33397651.)
MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE -
The malate-aspartate shuttle is composed of two cytosolic enzymes, two mitochondrial enzymes and two transporters. It is used to transport reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondrion, since cytosolic NADH cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane directly. The shuttle regenerates cytosolic NAD(+) to sustain cytosolic oxidative pathways such as glycolysis and provides reducing equivalents in the form of NADH for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (Adapted from PMID:38945121.)
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE -
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria. It consists of a cyclic series of chemical reactions that harness high-energy electrons from nutrients to produce energy (ATP). Each turn of the TCA cycle oxidizes one acetyl-CoA to two CO2 molecules and yields one GTP or ATP and 6 electrons in the form of four reducing equivalents (three NADH and one FADH2). Then, these electron carriers transfer their electrons onto the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes to generate ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The TCA cycle intermediates can also be used as precursors for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and porphyrins and for gluconeogenesis. (Adapted from PMID:36581208).
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Mdh2
Structural gene for the mitochondrial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase = (S)-Malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase [MDH2 (EC 1.1.1.37)].
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Mdh2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VEB1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Mdh2-RA
FBtr0083563
NM_142439
1335
336
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Mdh2-PA
FBpp0082985
35.3
336
9.65
Q9VEB1
NP_650696
AAF55516
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Mdh2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.85

Transcript Expression
dissected tissue
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland

Comment: from -12 hr APF

(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
prepupal stage P1 -- P4
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
pole plasm

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
primordial germ cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
primordial germ cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
germline cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic/larval fat body
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
germline cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
wandering third instar larval stage -- pupal stage P5
organism
(Wang et al., 2010)
Additional Descriptive Data

Mdh2 levels remain relatively flat in salivary glands as in whole animals throughout the period from -12 hr APF to +12 hr APF.

(Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)

Mdh2 transcript is expressed more strongly at late larval stages than at early pupal stages.

(Wang et al., 2010)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2009, Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Mdh2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 13 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Mdh2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Mdh2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal, with Scer\GAL4da.PU
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PU
lethal - all die before end of P-stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with Mdh21)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with Mdh22)
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
male fertile, with Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell death | pupal stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
electrophoretic variant
some die during P-stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
some die during pupal stage (with Mdh21)
some die during pupal stage (with Mdh22)
visible, with Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
embryonic/larval midgut | third instar larval stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
embryonic/larval salivary gland
embryonic/larval salivary gland | prepupal stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
embryonic/larval salivary gland | pupal stage (with Df(3R)Exel6178)
embryonic/larval salivary gland | pupal stage (with Mdh21)
embryonic/larval salivary gland | pupal stage (with Mdh22)
indirect flight muscle | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
myofibril | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
wing, with Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\MDH2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\LDHA
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\LDHAL6A
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LDHAL6B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LDHB
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\LDHC
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MDH1B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MDH1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\UEVLD
2 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Mdh2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ldha
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ldhb
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ldhc
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mdh1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Mdh2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Ldhal6b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldhb
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldhc
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ldha
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mdh1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\mdh2
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\mdh1b
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mdh1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tpte2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\uevld
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
Drer\mdh2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\ldhba
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mdh1aa
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mdh1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\uevld
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ldha
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ldhbb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\mdh-2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\ldh-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\mdh-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001903
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009510
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004880
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)
Atha\mMDH1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\mMDH2
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\PMDH1
12 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\MDH
10 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\PMDH2
10 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT3G53910
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G17260
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G58330
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH1
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH2
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\c-NAD-MDH3
2 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\MDH1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\MDH2
5 of 13
No
Yes
Scer\MDH3
5 of 13
No
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\SPCC306.08c
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPAC186.08c
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\mdh
8 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Mdh2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
Mdh2b
11 of 13
Mdh2c
10 of 13
CG13334
3 of 13
Ldh
3 of 13
Mdh1
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    MDH2; malate dehydrogenase 2
    model of  developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 51
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    MDH2; malate dehydrogenase 2
    14 of 14
    154100
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Mdh2 - ATPsynCF6
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - ATPsynβ
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Acaa
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Actn
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Adh
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Akap200
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Aldo
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - AnxB10
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Ar1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Ar2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Ar3
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Argk1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Bacc
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG11267
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG14715
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG1910
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG2852
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG32219
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG3226
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG4598
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG5174
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - CG8993
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - COX7AL2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Calr
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Chd64
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Clic
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Cs1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Df31
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Eb1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - EndoGI
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Eno
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Fkbp12
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Fkbp14
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Fum1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Gapdh1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Gdi
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Gpdh1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - GstE6
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - GstO3
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - GstS1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Gtpx
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - HINT1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - HisRS
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - HmgD
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Idh
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Inos
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Mf
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Mhc
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Mlc1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Mlc2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Moe
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Nacα
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Nlp
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - PCNA
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Pdi
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Pgam1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Pgd
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Pgk
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Phb2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Prosα1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Prosβ5
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Prx6c
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Rab11
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - RhoGDI
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - RpS15Ab
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Scp1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Sh3β
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Stip1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Sumo
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - TER94
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Tkt
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Tm2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Trx2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Trxr1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - Uch
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - awd
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - capt
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - cib
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - eEF1δ
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - eEF2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - eEF5
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - fabp
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - mAcon1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - regucalcin
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - scu
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - up
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - wupA
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Mdh2 - βTub85D
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    GLUCONEOGENESIS
    MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE
    TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE
    External Links
    FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-62
    Cytogenetic map
    90F8-90F9
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    90F8-90F9
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}cpoEP3679 and P{EP}Dlc90FEP3634
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-62

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-61.9

    (Comeron et al., 2012)

    3-66

    (Wang et al., 2008)

    3-

    (Choudhary et al., 1992)

    3-62.6

    Left of (cM)
    (Voelker et al., 1979)
    Right of (cM)
    (Voelker et al., 1979)
    Notes

    Based on 21 recombinants between sr and gl.

    (Voelker et al., 1979)
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (11)
    Genomic Clones (20)
    cDNA Clones (144)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          No difference in allele fixed in lines selected over 700 generations for high (negative) and low (positive) geotaxis.

          (Stoltenberg et al., 1992)

          The effect of dietary sucrose and ethanol on Mdh2 activity in the third larval instar has been studied.

          (Geer et al., 1983)

          Structural gene for the mitochondrial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase = (S)-Malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (MDH2).

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Mdh2 l(3)psg7

          (Wang et al., 2010)
          Additional comments

          "Mdh2" is likely to correspond to "CG7998" based on map position and relevant GO annotations.

          (Gelbart, 2009.2.13)

          "CG7998" is likely to correspond to "Mdh2" based on map position and relevant GO annotations.

          (Gelbart, 2009.2.13)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: l(3)psg7 CG7998

          (Wang et al., 2008)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CG 7998
          (Alonso et al., 2005)
          CG7998
          (Delamotte et al., 2025, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, Choo et al., 2015, Volkenhoff et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Hoffmann et al., 2013, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, O'Keefe et al., 2011, Anholt and Williams, 2010, Robinson et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2010, Gelbart, 2009.2.13, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Tan et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2008, Langille and Clark, 2007, Beller et al., 2006, Cermelli et al., 2006)
          MDH
          (Léger et al., 2024)
          MDH-2
          (Choudhary et al., 1992)
          MDH2
          (Yoon et al., 2017)
          Mdh
          (Ehiobu et al., 1990)
          Mdh2
          (Tsakiri et al., 2025, Zaru and Marygold, 2025, Meyer et al., 2024, Dorogova et al., 2023, François et al., 2023, Nozawa et al., 2023, Ding et al., 2022, Kang et al., 2022, Palozzi et al., 2022, Takai et al., 2020, Hudry et al., 2019, Xu et al., 2019, Yoon et al., 2017, Sengupta et al., 2016, Choo et al., 2015, Cogni et al., 2015, Dent et al., 2015, Talbert et al., 2015, Cao et al., 2014, Lavington et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Friedman et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2010, Gelbart, 2009.2.13)
          l(3)psg7
          (Wang et al., 2008)
          mMdh
          mdh2
          (González Morales et al., 2023, Titlow et al., 2023, Adebambo et al., 2020, Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014)
          psg7
          (Ihry and Bashirullah, 2014, Sapiro et al., 2013)
          Name Synonyms
          L-Malate dehydrogenase
          (Anholt and Williams, 2010)
          Malate dehydrogenase
          (Feng et al., 2015, Geer et al., 1983)
          Malate dehydrogenase 2
          (Hoffmann et al., 2013)
          Malic DH
          (Arking et al., 2000)
          lethal (3) persistent salivary gland 7
          malate dehydrogenase
          (Léger et al., 2024, O'Keefe et al., 2011)
          malate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial)
          (Talbert et al., 2015)
          mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase
          (Wang et al., 2010)
          mitochondrial-Mdh
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0002700
          • FBgn0038587
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          References (102)