FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Psf2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Psf2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Partner of Sld Five 2
Annotation Symbol
CG18013
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261976
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
8 publicly available
Gene Summary
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication. (UniProt, Q9VQY9)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

l(2)SH0805

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
24E4-24E4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-12
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:4386182..4387356
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromosome condensation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chmielewski et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA replication initiation
inferred by curator from GO:0071162
(Moyer et al., 2006)
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007257
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q7ZT46
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in double-strand break repair via break-induced replication
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000299327
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription elongation
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q7ZT46
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CMG complex
inferred from direct assay
(Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
part_of GINS complex
inferred from direct assay
(Moyer et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of GINS complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000299327
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q7ZT46
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007257
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the GINS2/PSF2 family. (Q9VQY9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
GINS COMPLEX -
The heterotetrameric GINS complex is essential for the establishment of DNA replication forks and replisome progression in eukaryotes. GINS is one of the core components of the replicative helicase, the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) complex, activating the helicase activity of MCM to unwind duplex DNA ahead of the moving replication fork. Eukaryotic GINS also links with other key proteins at the fork to maintain an active replisome progression complex. (Adapted from PMID:22918584 and PMID:20070258.)
CMG COMPLEX -
The CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) complex is the eukaryotic replicative helicase, the enzyme that unwinds double-stranded DNA at replication forks. It is a macromolecular assembly of three replication factors: the Cdc45 protein, and the MCM and GINS complexes. All three components are essential for CMG function, with the MCM2-7 complex functioning as the molecular motor that harnesses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to catalyse strand separation. (Adapted from PMID:23412083.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
The GINS complex plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA replication.
(UniProt, Q9VQY9)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Psf2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VQY9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Psf2-RB
FBtr0331449
NM_134982
831
203
Psf2-RC
FBtr0331450
NM_001273093
811
203
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Psf2-PB
FBpp0303866
23.1
203
6.36
Q9VQY9
NP_608826
AAF51021
Psf2-PC
FBpp0303867
23.1
203
6.36
Q9VQY9
NP_001260022
AGB92558
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

203 aa isoforms: Psf2-PB, Psf2-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.

(UniProt, Q9VQY9)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Psf2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.18

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CMG complex
inferred from direct assay
(Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
part_of GINS complex
inferred from direct assay
(Moyer et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Psf2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Psf2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Psf2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\GINS2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Gins2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Gins2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\gins2
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\chst3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rrp7a
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\gins2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\psf-2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010018
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012743
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\PSF2
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\PSF2
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\psf2
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Psf2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GINS2; GINS complex subunit 2
    14 of 14
    610609
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        Psf2 - Cdc45
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry studies of complexes, cosedimentation, electron microscopy, western blot
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Ctf4
        two hybrid
        (Gosnell and Christensen, 2011)
        Psf2 - Mcm2
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Mcm3
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy, pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation
        (Costa et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Mcm5
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Mcm6
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Mcm7
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Psf1
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Psf3
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - Sld5
        two hybrid, pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Gouge and Christensen, 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - dpa
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        Psf2 - lok
        enzymatic study, autoradiography, molecular weight estimation by silver staining
        (Ilves et al., 2012)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Component of the GINS complex which is a heterotetramer of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2 and Psf3.
        (UniProt, Q9VQY9 )
        Linkouts
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2L
        Recombination map
        2-12
        Cytogenetic map
        24E4-24E4
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        24E4-24E4
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Traf1EP578 and P{lacW}Tps1k08903&P{EP}morgueEP1184
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        24F1-24F1
        (Oh et al., 2003)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-12

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-13.1

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (8)
        Genomic Clones (15)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (2)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                The Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, CDC45L, Mcm2, Mcm3, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7 and dpa proteins form the Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) complex, a helicase required for the S phase transition in Kc cells.

                (Moyer et al., 2006)

                Kc cells transfected with dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene show an impairment of the cell cycle and accumulate in G1 and S phase.

                (Moyer et al., 2006)

                1 allele of l(2)SH0805 recovered in a P-insertion screen.

                (Oh et al., 2003)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: Psf2 l(2)SH0805

                (Mathew et al., 2009)
                Additional comments
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 40 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
                Linkouts
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                References (45)