Abstract
The extracellular matrix is an essential determinant of animal form, enabling organization of cells and tissues into organs with complex shapes. In contrast with the dorso-ventrally flat Drosophila wing, its serial homolog, the haltere, adopts a globular shape thought to arise from a lack of matrix-mediated adhesion between its dorsal and ventral surfaces. Contradicting this model, however, matrix manipulations are known to deform halteres. To understand haltere morphogenesis, we characterized matrix behavior and monitored metamorphic development of the haltere. We found that, similar to the wing, correct haltere morphogenesis requires collagen IV degradation, which we show is mediated by ecdysone-controlled expression of matrix metalloprotease 2 in both wing and haltere. After collagen IV is degraded, similar again to the wing, dorsal and ventral haltere surfaces establish laminin-mediated contact through long cytoskeletal projections. Furthermore, time-lapse analysis of shape changes in wild-type and mutant halteres indicates that these projections couple the two surfaces through a central tensioner, ensuring load distribution across the whole organ to create a globular shape against tissue-wide deforming forces. Our findings reveal an unexpected role for matrix-mediated adhesion in haltere morphogenesis and describe a novel type of matrix-based tensor structure building a 3D shape from 2D epithelia.
