FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\SPR
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\SPR
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Sex peptide receptor
Annotation Symbol
CG16752
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0029768
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Receptor for two functionally unrelated ligands; SP (A70A) for controlling reproductive behaviors and MIP for controlling sleep behavior (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:20458515, PubMed:24089336, PubMed:25333796). MIP-SPR pathway functions as a sleep homeostat which perceives the need for sleep and stabilizes it by providing a slow-acting inhibitory input to the fly arousal system that involve the pigment dispersing factor (pdf) neurons (PubMed:25333796). SP-SPR is one of the multiple SP pathways that induce female post-mating behavioral responses (PMR) such as the suppression of mating receptivity and initiation of egg laying (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336). The PMR switch is achieved by mediating the synaptic output of neurons such as those expressing fruitless (fru), double sex (dsx) and pickpocket (ppk) (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336). (UniProt, Q8SWR3)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-11
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:5446656..5494012
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002931424
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000276
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000276, InterPro:IPR017452
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002931424
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (Q8SWR3)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CLASS A GPCR NEUROPEPTIDE AND PROTEIN HORMONE RECEPTORS -
The majority of neuropeptide/protein hormone GPCR belong to the Class A family of GPCRs. The secreted ligands for this subfamily include neuropeptides, peptide hormones and protein hormones. (Adapted from FBrf0195077).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Receptor for two functionally unrelated ligands; SP (A70A) for controlling reproductive behaviors and MIP for controlling sleep behavior (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:20308537, PubMed:20458515, PubMed:24089336, PubMed:25333796). MIP-SPR pathway functions as a sleep homeostat which perceives the need for sleep and stabilizes it by providing a slow-acting inhibitory input to the fly arousal system that involve the pigment dispersing factor (pdf) neurons (PubMed:25333796). SP-SPR is one of the multiple SP pathways that induce female post-mating behavioral responses (PMR) such as the suppression of mating receptivity and initiation of egg laying (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336). The PMR switch is achieved by mediating the synaptic output of neurons such as those expressing fruitless (fru), double sex (dsx) and pickpocket (ppk) (PubMed:18066048, PubMed:24089336).
(UniProt, Q8SWR3)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

G-protein coupled receptor - required in Fruitless plus neurons for post-mating switch in female reproductive behaviour - acts in a small subset of internal sensory neurons that innervate the female uterus and oviduct - these neurons project to regions of the central nervous system that have been implicated in the control of reproductive behaviors

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\SPR for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8SWR3)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Double stop-codon suppression (UAG, UAA) postulated; FBrf0243886.

Gene model reviewed during 6.32

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0070778
3093
435
FBtr0339781
3357
435
FBtr0344824
2804
435
FBtr0479797
3093
512
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0070744
50.3
435
7.37
FBpp0308828
50.3
435
7.37
FBpp0311140
50.3
435
7.37
FBpp0428130
58.7
512
7.91
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

435 aa isoforms: SPR-PA, SPR-PB, SPR-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\SPR using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.95

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

SPR protein is detected in 8 neurons on the female lateral oviduct and uterus. These neurons co-express ScerGAL4fru.P1.D.

SPR protein is detected in the spermathecum and lower oviduct. In adult females, staining is observed in the brain and ventral nerve cord, particularly in the subesophageal ganglion, cervical ganglion, and in many nerve roots.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\SPR in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 11 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of SPR
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of SPR
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
2 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (7)
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (9)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (22)
3 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (16)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (12)
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:SPR. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (12)
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-11
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    4F11-5A1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG3249EP1400 and P{EP}Tre1EP496
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (124)
    Genomic Clones (36)
    cDNA Clones (13)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          SPR encodes the receptor for Acp70A protein.

          SPR is required in the subset of neurons that also express the fru gene for normal post-mating responses in females.

          Females lacking SPR fail to respond to Acp70A and continue to show virgin behaviours even after mating.

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: CG16752 CG12731

          Additional comments

          FlyBase curator comment: Correspondence with author Yapici revealed that 'SPR' = 'CG16752'.

          Annotations CG16752 and CG12731 merged as CG16752 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: SPR CG16752

          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          sex peptide receptor
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0029767
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 56 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          References (134)