FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\slam
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\slam
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
slow as molasses
Annotation Symbol
CG9506
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0043854
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
slow as molasses (slam) encodes a protein involved in cortical polarization and furrow invagination during cellularization, as well in germ cell migration during later embryogenesis. slam RNA co-localizes and forms a complex with its encoded protein, which is needed for full expression and subcellular localization. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

wdo

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
26C4-26C4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-19
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:6372388..6377284
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellularization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wenzl et al., 2010, Lecuit et al., 2002, Stein et al., 2002)
involved_in cleavage furrow formation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:nullo; FB:FBgn0004143
(Acharya et al., 2014)
involved_in cleavage furrow ingression
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Acharya et al., 2014)
involved_in germ cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stein et al., 2002)
involved_in syncytial embryo cellularization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(He et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellularization
traceable author statement
(Gibson and Perrimon, 2003)
involved_in germ cell migration
traceable author statement
(Müller, 2002)
involved_in intracellular protein localization
non-traceable author statement
(Müller, 2002)
involved_in membrane organization
non-traceable author statement
(Mazumdar and Mazumdar, 2002)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cellularization cleavage furrow invagination front
inferred from direct assay
(Yan et al., 2017)
located_in cleavage furrow
inferred from direct assay
(Acharya et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    slow as molasses (slam) encodes a protein involved in cortical polarization and furrow invagination during cellularization, as well in germ cell migration during later embryogenesis. slam RNA co-localizes and forms a complex with its encoded protein, which is needed for full expression and subcellular localization. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08]
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    novel protein that is essential for polarized growth of the plasma membrane during cellularization

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\slam for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VME5)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.51

    Gene model reviewed during 5.55

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    slam-RB
    FBtr0290281
    NM_135176
    4117
    1173
    slam-RC
    FBtr0344864
    NM_001298739
    3704
    1173
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    slam-PB
    FBpp0288720
    130.6
    1173
    6.09
    Q9VME5
    NP_609020
    AAF52374
    slam-PC
    FBpp0311179
    130.6
    1173
    6.09
    Q9VME5
    NP_001285668
    AHN54183
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    1173 aa isoforms: slam-PB, slam-PC
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)

    1196 (aa); 135 (kD)

    (Lecuit et al., 2002)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\slam using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.32

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 4 -- 5
    somatic cell

    Comment: NOT germline cell

    (Martinho et al., 2004)
    furrow canal
    (Yan et al., 2017)
    embryonic cycle 13 -- embryonic cycle 14
    (Lecuit et al., 2002)
    embryonic cycle 14
    organism | ubiquitous
    (Sung et al., 2013)
    RT-PCR
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 4 -- 5
    organism
    (Yan et al., 2017)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    slam RNA and protein colocalize and mark the basal region of the cellularization furrow in early embryos. A 10-fold upregulation of slam transcript levels was measured at cellularization by quantitative PCR. A strong (6-fold) up-reulation of slam RNA is observed within a few minutes at the transition from mitosis 13 to interphase 14. RNA levels gradually decrease after 30 minutes during the second half of cellularization.

    (Yan et al., 2017)

    slam is expressed in all somatic cells of the blastoderm embryo, but is excluded from germline cells.

    (Martinho et al., 2004)

    Transcript is first detected at embryonic cycle 13 and remains detectable through the slow phase of cellularization. The transcript disappears during the fast phase of cellularization and is no longer detectable at gastrulation.

    (Lecuit et al., 2002)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    distribution deduced from reporter or direct label
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic cycle 14
    furrow canal
    (Lecuit et al., 2002)
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 4 -- 5
    somatic cell

    Comment: NOT germline cell

    (Martinho et al., 2004)
    furrow canal
    (Yan et al., 2017)
    mass spectroscopy
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
    spermatozoon
    (Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
    western blot
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 4 -- 5
    organism
    (Yan et al., 2017)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    slam RNA and protein colocalize and mark the basal region of the cellularization furrow in early embryos. slam protein levels peak at cellularization. A strong (6-fold) up-reulation of slam protein levels is observed within a few minutes at the transition from mitosis 13 to interphase 14. Protein levels remain constant in the second half of cellularization.

    (Yan et al., 2017)

    slam is expressed in all somatic cells of the blastoderm embryo, but is excluded from germline cells.

    (Martinho et al., 2004)

    Protein is detected in discrete puncta in the cytoplasm and is first detected in the furrow canal region on the membrane of cellularizing embryos. slam protein can also be detected on the adjacent lateral membrane but not apically.

    (Lecuit et al., 2002)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in cellularization cleavage furrow invagination front
    inferred from direct assay
    (Yan et al., 2017)
    located_in cleavage furrow
    inferred from direct assay
    (Acharya et al., 2014)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\slam in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of slam
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of slam
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:slam. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-19
      Cytogenetic map
      26C4-26C4
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      26C4-26C4
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Gef26k13720 and P{lacW}l(2)k09923k09923&P{lacW}CG9523k07502b
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      26D1-26D2
      (Lehmann, 2001.3.15)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-19

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-20.4

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2L-

      (Cho, 1998.3.16)
      Left of (cM)
      (Stein et al., 2002)
      Right of (cM)
      (Stein et al., 2002)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (9)
      Genomic Clones (15)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (41)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            slam is essential for cleavage furrow invagination during cellularisation. Together with nullo, slam is essential for specification of the cleavage furrow.

            (Acharya et al., 2014)

            slam is necessary for polarised growth of membranes during cellularisation.

            (Lecuit et al., 2002)

            slam is required for cellularisation and for germ cell migration in the embryo.

            (Stein et al., 2002)

            slam controls a key aspect of membrane trafficking in membrane invagination that takes place during embryo cellularization.

            (Lecuit and Wieschaus, 2001)

            In slam mutant embryos, the lateral transfer of apical membrane that normally takes place as new membrane is apically inserted is blocked. In addition, the Nrt protein is normally exported from the Golgi but accumulates in an apical compartment instead of being inserted into the recipient apical membrane.

            (Lecuit and Wieschaus, 2001)

            Germ cells initiate migration by moving to the interior of the embryo through the posterior midgut epithelium in slam mutant embryos, but they are unable to orient properly on the midgut and subsequently fail to proceed along the correct migratory course.

            (Cho et al., 1998)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: slam wdo CG9506

            (Stein et al., 2002)
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG9506
            (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Hurd et al., 2016, He et al., 2014, Müller et al., 2010, Brandt, 2006, Dorus et al., 2006, Pilot et al., 2006, Giot et al., 2003, Arbeitman et al., 2002)
            Slam
            (Dow et al., 2022, Krueger et al., 2018, Schmidt and Grosshans, 2018, Winkler et al., 2015, Guilgur et al., 2014, Lawrence and Casal, 2013, Brandt, 2006, Brandt et al., 2006, Walters et al., 2006, Hardin and Walston, 2004, Lecuit et al., 2001)
            slam
            (Colonnetta et al., 2023, Colonnetta et al., 2022, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Falo-Sanjuan and Bray, 2021, Huang et al., 2021, Ing-Simmons et al., 2021, D'Angelo et al., 2019, Ogiyama et al., 2018, Schmidt et al., 2018, Yan et al., 2017, Elgart et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Dahlberg et al., 2015, Edman et al., 2015, Winkler et al., 2015, Acharya et al., 2014, He et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2013, Saunders et al., 2013, Sung et al., 2013, Yan et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Degennaro et al., 2011, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Wenzl et al., 2010, Benoit et al., 2009, de Las Heras et al., 2009, Liang et al., 2008, Minidorff et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Takada et al., 2007, Dorus et al., 2006, Dorus et al., 2006, Meyer et al., 2006, Pilot et al., 2006, Lecuit, 2004)
            wdo
            (Lehmann, 2001.3.15, Cho, 1998.3.16, Cho et al., 1998, Shen, 1998)
            Name Synonyms
            slow as molasses
            (Yan et al., 2017, Degennaro et al., 2011, de Las Heras et al., 2009, Lecuit and Wieschaus, 2001)
            waldo
            (Cho et al., 1998)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0024181
            • FBgn0031806
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 28 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (109)