FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Aldo
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Aldo
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Aldolase
Annotation Symbol
CG6058
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000064
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (4.1.2.13)
Gene Summary
Aldolase (Aldo) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and thus plays an essential role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It also catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde and plays a role in fructose catabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Ald, Ald1, Aldolase 1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-90
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:26254069..26261591
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000741
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179343
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:P14540
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in glycolytic process
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q91Y97
involved_in gluconeogenesis
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P05063
involved_in glycolytic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179343
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000741
non-traceable author statement
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from high throughput direct assay
located_in M band
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179343
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. (P07764)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate (4.1.2.13)
RHEA 14729: fructose-1-phosphate aldolase activity
RHEA 30851:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Aldolase (Aldo) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and thus plays an essential role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It also catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-fructose 1-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde and plays a role in fructose catabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ALDEHYDE-LYASES -
Aldehyde-lyases catalyze the cleavage of carbon-carbon bond in alcohols into carbanions and aldehydes. The vast majority are aldolases, involved in carbohydrate metabolism. (Adapted from FBrf0238856).
Pathway (FlyBase)
GLUCONEOGENESIS -
Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate, lactate, alanine, glutamine and glycerol into glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6P) and plays a crucial role in maintaining sugar homeostasis when dietary carbohydrates are limited. The pathway starts in the mitochondrion with the production of oxaloacetate which, via a series of enzymatic reactions and transport, is converted to cytosolic oxaloacetate which in turn is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate. The subsequent steps involved in the production of Glc-6P are the reverse reactions of glycolysis, only the penultimate step, the dephosphorylation of fructose 1,6-phosphate, is carried out by a different enzyme Fbp. In D. melanogaster, Glc-6P is mainly converted into the disaccharide trehalose, the main hemolymph sugar. However, in a subset of neurons, Glc-6P is converted in the endoplasmic reticulum into glucose. (Adapted from FBrf0236342 and PMID:33397651.)
GLYCOLYSIS -
Glycolysis converts glucose into ATP and pyruvate in the cytosol. The overall reaction is glucose + 2 ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH 2H+ + 2 H2O and involves 10 enzymatic steps. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion where, after oxidation into acetyl-CoA, it enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate in the cytosol. Although glucose, trehalose and glycogen are the main entry points for glycolysis in D. melanogaster, fructose, galactose, mannose and glycerol can also enter the glycolytic pathway to be converted into pyruvate. (Adapted from PMID:33941515 and FBrf0144936.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Catalyzes the reversible conversion of beta-D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into two triose phosphate molecules and plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (PubMed:8537310). Protein acts on two substrates fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 1-phosphate (like other class I aldolases) (PubMed:8537310). May take part in developmental stage-specific or tissue-specific sugar-phosphate metabolisms (PubMed:8537310). Important for function of neurons and glia, probably by involvement in ATP production by glycolysis (PubMed:22882183). Essential in glial cells but not in neurons as neurons can use the citric acid cycle for their energy needs, and on lactate and alanine secreted into the hemolymph by glial cells to fuel it (PubMed:26235423).
(UniProt, P07764)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Ald: Aldolase
Structural gene for fructose-biphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13). Enzyme multimeric based on the formation of heteromultimeric bands on gels from heterozygotes for electrophoretic variants. Amino-acid sequence determined; protein is a 158-kd multimer comprising four 360-amino-acid polypeptides. Monomers show 71% identity with rabbit muscle aldolase (Malek, Suter, Frank, and Brenner-Holzach, 1985, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 126: 199-205). Mixed multimers of rabbit and Drosophila subunits able to function (Brenner-Holzach and Leuthard, 1972, Eur. J. Biochem. 31: 423-26). Sequence analysis suggests alternating domains of alpha helix and beta sheet; domain boundaries correspond to boundaries between exons as seen in rat-liver aldolase (Sawyer, Fothergill-Gilmore, and Freemont, 1988, Biochem. J. 249: 789-93).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
10
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Aldo for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P07764)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.43

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0084994
2636
361
FBtr0084995
1279
361
FBtr0084999
1483
361
FBtr0085000
1747
363
FBtr0085001
1618
363
FBtr0114544
1736
363
FBtr0306657
1614
363
FBtr0310660
1472
361
FBtr0310661
1615
363
FBtr0339614
2102
361
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0084367
39.0
361
7.49
FBpp0084368
39.0
361
7.49
FBpp0084372
39.0
361
7.49
FBpp0084373
39.6
363
7.10
FBpp0089214
39.6
363
7.87
FBpp0113036
39.6
363
7.10
FBpp0297612
39.6
363
7.87
FBpp0302780
39.0
361
7.49
FBpp0302781
39.6
363
7.87
FBpp0308680
39.0
361
7.49
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

361 aa isoforms: Aldo-PB, Aldo-PC, Aldo-PD, Aldo-PK, Aldo-PM
363 aa isoforms: Aldo-PE, Aldo-PI
363 aa isoforms: Aldo-PH, Aldo-PJ, Aldo-PL
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homotetramer.

(UniProt, P07764)
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Aldo using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.29

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data

Ald transcript levels are unaltered by dietary variations in the level of glucose, fructose, or starch. A small increase in transcript level is seen on 5% sucrose vs. 0.3% sucrose. Ald transcript levels increase slightly in response to starch.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Glycolytic enzymes, including Gpdh1 protein are localized to M bands and Z discs, as visualized in the isolated myofibrils of flight muscles, where immunoreactivity appears as alternating bright and less-intense bands.

Ald enzyme levelsare not significantly influenced by dietary sucrose, glucose, or fructose.Activity was slightly elevated in response to starch. Ald levelsdecrease slightly on 9% ethanol compared to 1% ethanol.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from high throughput direct assay
located_in M band
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Aldo in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 13 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Aldo
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Aldo
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
11 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (8)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Aldo. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
11 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
RNA-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Homotetramer.
(UniProt, P07764 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
External Links
KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-90
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
97A6-97A6
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)rQ197rQ197 and P{lacW}scribj7B3
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
97B-97B
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
97A-97B
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (17)
Genomic Clones (25)
cDNA Clones (357)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
Other clones
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
 
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      Area matching Drosophila Fructose 1,6 bisphosphare aldolase gene, Acc. No. M98351.

      At least a substantial fraction of three glycolytic enzymes of flight muscle cells are found colocalised at the Z-discs and M-lines, glycolytic enzyme colocalisation is interdependent. Localisation of Gapdh1, Gapdh2 and Ald at the Z-discs and M-lines requires the presence of at least Gpdh at the Z-discs and M-lines.

      The structural gene for aldolase (fructose-biphosphate aldolase).

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: Ald BcDNA:LP07735

      Additional comments

      Source for merge of Ald BcDNA:LP07735 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Ald1 Ald

      Source for identity of: Aldo Ald1

      Nomenclature comments

      Renamed from 'Aldolase 1' (Ald1) to 'Aldolase' (Aldo) because (i) it is the only Aldolase paralog encoding a catalytically active enzyme, and (ii) 'Aldo' is the more commonly used symbol for this gene across species.

      Etymology

      Renamed from 'Ald' to 'Ald1' in recognition that there's a second Aldolase gene (Ald2/CG5432).

      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (19)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      BcDNA:LP07735
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0064914
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 121 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      References (190)