FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\dare
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\dare
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
defective in the avoidance of repellents
Annotation Symbol
CG12390
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0015582
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
ferredoxin--NADP(+) reductase (1.18.1.2)
Gene Summary
defective in the avoidance of repellents (dare) encodes an enzyme associated with steroid hormone synthesis and required for normal olfactory behavior. Some mutants show widespread degeneration of adult nervous system. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Adrenodoxin reductase, AR

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
47F1-47F1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-64
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:11290994..11293174
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000941138
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
non-traceable author statement
(Freeman et al., 1999)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P22570
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR021163, InterPro:IPR055275
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in metamorphosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Freeman et al., 1999)
involved_in steroid biosynthetic process
inferred from expression pattern
(Freeman et al., 1999)
inferred from direct assay
(Freeman et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in iron-sulfur cluster assembly
non-traceable author statement
(Marelja et al., 2018)
involved_in steroid biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000941138
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in ubiquinone biosynthetic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P48360
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Freeman et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrial matrix
non-traceable author statement
(Marelja et al., 2018)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000234268
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family. (Q9V3T9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase activity
2 reduced [2Fe-2S]-[ferredoxin] + NADP(+) + H(+) = 2 oxidized [2Fe-2S]- [ferredoxin] + NADPH (1.18.1.2)
RHEA 20125:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
defective in the avoidance of repellents (dare) encodes an enzyme associated with steroid hormone synthesis and required for normal olfactory behavior. Some mutants show widespread degeneration of adult nervous system. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED OXIDOREDUCTASES -
This group comprises oxidoreductases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN OXIDOREDUCTASES -
Iron-sulphur protein oxidoreductases catalyse an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which an iron-sulfur protein acts as a hydrogen or electron donor to reduce a hydrogen or electron acceptor.
Pathway (FlyBase)
UBIQUINONE BIOSYNTHESIS -
Ubiquinone (also known as Coenzyme Q or CoQ) biosynthesis occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane and includes four main steps (i) the synthesis of the benzoquinone head ring from tyrosine; (ii) the synthesis of the isoprenoid chain tail; (iii) the condensation of head and tail; and (iv) the sequential modification of the benzoquinone head ring. The isoprenoid chain varies in length depending on the species. In D. melanogaster, there are 3 species of coenzyme Q ranging from 8 to 10 (CoQ8 to CoQ10) isoprenoid units with CoQ9 being the main species. CoQ exists in three oxidation states: fully reduced ubiquinol, the radical semiquinone intermediate and the fully oxidized ubiquinone form allowing it to act as an electron carrier. Its major roles are as an electron shuttle in oxidative phosphorylation and as an antioxidant. (Adapted from PMID:34198496, FBrf0260507 and FBrf0261808.)
IRON-SULFUR CLUSTER ASSEMBLY -
Iron-Sulfur (Fe-S) cluster assembly involves the incorporation of iron and sulfur into Fe-S clusters. The assembly begins in the mitochondrial matrix and is mediated by the mitochondrial core ISC complex, which synthesizes a 2Fe-2S cluster from cysteine-derived sulfur and ferrous iron (Fe2+). 2Fe-2S can be assembled into 4Fe-4S clusters or exported into the cytosol where 4Fe-4S clusters can be made. 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S are then incorporated into mitochondrial, cytosolic and nuclear apoproteins. Fe-S clusters are mainly involved in electron transfer and storage but can also be directly involved in catalysis or mediate structural support. (Adapted from FBrf0238243.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required for synthesis of steroid hormones, for olfactory sensory behavior and completion of the second larval molt (a steroid mediated developmental transition) and pupariation.
(UniProt, Q9V3T9)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\dare for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V3T9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
dare-RA
FBtr0088176
NM_057802
1681
466
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.634 (longest cDNA)

(Freeman et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
dare-PA
FBpp0087272
51.4
466
8.56
Q9V3T9
NP_477150
AAF58678
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

466 (aa); 55 (kD observed)

(Freeman et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\dare using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.67

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
third instar larval stage
ring gland
(Freeman et al., 1999)
prothoracic gland
(Freeman et al., 1999)
adult stage
ovary
(Freeman et al., 1999)
(Freeman et al., 1999)
adult stageoogenesis stage S6 -- S14
nurse cell
(Freeman et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data

dare transcripts are detected in the third instar larval prothoracic gland, and in the adult ovary. Expression in the ovary is limited to nurse cells, and begins at stage 6-7 of oogenesis. Low levels of expression are detected in various adult tissues by in situ hybridization, RT-PCR and RNAse protection experiments.

(Freeman et al., 1999)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

dare protein is detected in the mitochondrial fraction of Drosophila head extracts.

(Freeman et al., 1999)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Freeman et al., 1999)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\dare in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of dare
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of dare
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\FDXR
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\DPYD
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Fdxr
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Dpyd
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Fdxr
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Dpyd
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\fdxr
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\fdxr
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\dpyda.1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\dpydb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\Y62E10A.6
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\dpyd-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\W07E11.1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005419
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001021
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006360
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (3)
Atha\AT4G32360
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\GLT1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NTRC
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\ARH1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\GLT1
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\arh1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\glt1
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (6)
Ecol\preT
3 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\ygfK
3 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\aegA
2 of 11
No
No
Ecol\gltD
2 of 11
No
No
Ecol\ygfT
2 of 11
No
No
Ecol\fadH
1 of 11
No
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:dare. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
Glts
3 of 13
su(r)
2 of 13
Dhod
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    FDXR; ferredoxin reductase
    14 of 14
    103270
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      UBIQUINONE BIOSYNTHESIS
      IRON-SULFUR CLUSTER ASSEMBLY
      External Links
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-64
      Cytogenetic map
      47F1-47F1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      47F1-47F1
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}rM547 and P{lacW}Fppsk06103&P{lacW}Fppsk03514
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      47E-47E
      (Freeman, 1999.7.13, Freeman and Carlson, 1996)
      47E-47E
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Freeman et al., 1999, Freeman et al., 1997)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-64

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-64.1

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-

      (Freeman and Carlson, 1996)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (6)
      Genomic Clones (19)
      cDNA Clones (8)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Freeman et al., 1999)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Null mutants in dare undergo developmental arrest during the second larval instar stage or at the second larval moult and mutants of intermediate severity are delayed in pupariation. Mild reductions in dare expression cause abnormal behavioural responses to olfactory stimuli. dare mutations of intermediate strength result in rapid, widespread degeneration of the adult nervous system.

            (Freeman et al., 1999)

            Mutant allele show abnormal olfactory behavior.

            (Freeman and Carlson, 1996)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 41 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
            References (62)