FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Actβ
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Actβ
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Activin-β
Annotation Symbol
CG11062
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0024913
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
33 publicly available
Gene Summary
Activin-β (Actβ) encodes a ligand of the TGF beta superfamily. It signals through the type I receptor encoded by babo and the Smad family member encoded by Smox. Actβ is expressed primarily in the central and peripheral nervous systems and its product regulates aspects of metabolism, insulin signaling, hemocyte development and body size. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

dActivin, Activin, dAct, Act-β, activin-beta

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
102F8-102F8
Sequence location
Recombination map
4-0
RefSeq locus
NC_004353 REGION:1077331..1084796
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (16 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Fs; FB:FBgn0259878
(Bickel et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables cytokine activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000218063
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables growth factor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001839, InterPro:IPR017948
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in activin receptor signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007, Zheng et al., 2003, Das et al., 1999)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zheng et al., 2003)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:babo; FB:FBgn0011300
(Song et al., 2017, Wells et al., 2017)
involved_in glucose homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Song et al., 2017)
involved_in mushroom body development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zheng et al., 2003)
acts_upstream_of positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Song et al., 2017)
involved_in positive regulation of imaginal disc growth
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
involved_in positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:daw; FB:FBgn0031461
(Zhu et al., 2008)
involved_in R8 cell fate specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wells et al., 2017)
involved_in regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hevia and de Celis, 2013)
involved_in regulation of synapse structure or activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kim and O'Connor, 2014)
involved_in response to glucose
inferred from expression pattern
(Song et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cell surface receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000218063
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015615
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000218063
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the TGF-beta family. (O61643)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Activin-β (Actβ) encodes a ligand of the TGF beta superfamily. It signals through the type I receptor encoded by babo and the Smad family member encoded by Smox. Actβ is expressed primarily in the central and peripheral nervous systems and its product regulates aspects of metabolism, insulin signaling, hemocyte development and body size. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Pathway (FlyBase)
ACTIVIN SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The activin signaling pathway is one of two branches of Transforming Growth Factor-β family signaling in Drosophila. The binding of an activin family dimer to a heterodimeric serine/threonine kinase receptor complex results in the phosphorylation of Smox, a members of the Smad family. Smox forms a complex with the co-Smad, Med. This complex translocates into the nucleus and regulates the transcription of target genes in concert with other nuclear cofactors. (Adapted from FBrf0236482.)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ACTIVINS -
Activins form a subfamily of the Transforming Growth Factor(TGF)-β family - a group of extracellular ligands for the TGF-β-Receptor family. The binding of an activin family dimer to a heterodimeric serine/threonine kinase receptor complex results in the phosphorylation of Smox, a member of the Smad family. Smox forms a complex with the co-Smad, Med. This complex translocates into the nucleus and regulates the transcription of target genes in concert with other nuclear cofactors. (Adapted from FBrf0236482.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Controls several aspects of neuronal morphogenesis; essential for optic lobe development, EcR-B1 expression in larval brains, mushroom body remodeling, dorsal neuron morphogenesis and motoneuron axon guidance. Ligands Actbeta and daw act redundantly through the Activin receptor Babo and its transcriptional mediator Smad2 (Smox), to regulate neuroblast numbers and proliferation rates in the developing larval brain.
(UniProt, O61643)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

TGFβ ligand of Baboon - required for tiling of photoreceptor R7 axon terminals - required for neuroendocrine regulation of Drosophila metamorphosis

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Actβ for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry O61643)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Actβ-RA
FBtr0089209
NM_143685
3671
946
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Actβ-PA
FBpp0088273
108.8
946
10.00
O61643
NP_651942
AAF59386
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

373 (aa)

(Kutty et al., 1998)
Comments

The predicted polypeptide could be cleaved to give a 113 aa mature peptide with homology to vertebrate activins.

(Kutty et al., 1998)
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer or heterodimer; disulfide-linked.

(UniProt, O61643)
Post Translational Modification

Cleaved in vitro by metalloproteases tok and tld to produce a 30 kDa product.

(UniProt, O61643)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Actβ using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.68

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
(Lo and Frasch, 1999)
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Lo and Frasch, 1999)
sensory mother cell
(Lo and Frasch, 1999)
neuroblast
(Lo and Frasch, 1999)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Lo and Frasch, 1999)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
larval central nervous system
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
larval peripheral nervous system | faint
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
larval stage | male
primary spermatocyte
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Zhu et al., 2008)
larval brain
(Zhu et al., 2008)
wandering third instar larval stage
larval outer optic anlage
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
eye disc anterior to the morphogenetic furrow
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
neuron of larval brain
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
larval central nervous system
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
adult stage
photoreceptor cell R7
(Ting et al., 2007)
photoreceptor cell R8
(Ting et al., 2007)
adult stage | male
primary spermatocyte
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
oogenesis stage S10
main body follicle cell
(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage & larval stage & adult stage
(Kutty et al., 1998)
Additional Descriptive Data

Actβ transcript is expressed in both the larval optic lobe and central lobe.

(Zhu et al., 2008)

Maternally deposited Actβ transcript is not observed in early embryos. Embryonic expression of Actβ transcript begins at stage 13, in the embryonic CNS. In late embryos, strong expression is observed in the brain and ventral ganglion; weak expression is observed in the PNS. In third instar larvae, Actβ transcript is expressed in are found in various neurons of the brain, and in the optic proliferation centers. Actβ expression is largely absent in the imaginal discs, except in the eye disc posterior the morphogenetic furrow, where transcript is expressed in differentiated photoreceptor cells. Actβ is expressed in primary spermatocytes of the both larval and adult testes. However, it is largely absent during oogenesis, except for a transient expression in posterior follicle cells surrounding the oocyte at oogenesis stage S10.

(Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Dorus et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Actβ in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 18 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Actβ
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Actβ
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(4)G
(Podemski et al., 2004)
Inferred from location ( 12 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal (with Df(4)8-M175)
lethal (with Df(4)C3)
lethal (with Df(4)scH)
lethal | pharate adult stage | recessive
lethal | recessive
partially lethal, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female fertile
female fertile (with Df(4)8-M91)
female fertile (with Df(4)8-M167)
female fertile (with Df(4)8-M175)
female fertile (with Df(4)8-M318)
female fertile (with Df(4)scH)
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell growth, with Scer\GAL4A9
abnormal cell growth, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
abnormal circadian rhythm, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf
abnormal circadian rhythm | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4tim.PE, Scer\GAL80Pdf.PS
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4GMR.long
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4sens.F2
increased cell number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Hand.Δ
some die during pupal stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
visible, with Scer\GAL4A9
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult optic lobe, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
adult optic lobe, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8a, with Scer\GAL4GMR.long
distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8a, with Scer\GAL4sens.F2
embryonic/larval crystal cell | increased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Hand.Δ
photoreceptor cell R7, with Scer\GAL4GMR.long
photoreceptor cell R7 | somatic clone
photoreceptor cell R7 | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
wing, with Scer\GAL4A9
wing, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4A9
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (33)
Hsap\INHBA
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
2  
Hsap\INHBB
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\INHBC
9 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\INHBE
8 of 14
No
Yes
2  
Hsap\BMP3
3 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\GDF10
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\INHA
3 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\LEFTY1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\LEFTY2
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TGFB1
3 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\TGFB2
3 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\TGFB3
3 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\AMH
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BMP2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\BMP4
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\BMP5
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BMP6
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BMP7
2 of 14
No
No
5  
Hsap\BMP8A
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BMP8B
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\BMP10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\BMP15
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF3
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF5
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF6
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF7
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\GDF11
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\GDF15
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MSTN
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\NODAL
2 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (33)
Rnor\Inhba
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Inhbb
9 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Inhbc
8 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Inhbe
8 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Lefty1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tgfb1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tgfb2
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tgfb3
3 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bmp2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp4
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp6
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp8a
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp8b
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bmp15
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf3
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf5
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf6
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf11
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Gdf15
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Inha
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lefty2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Mstn
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nodal
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Amh
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Bmp5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Bmp7
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Gdf2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Gdf7
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (33)
Mmus\Inhba
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Inhbb
9 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Inhbc
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Inhbe
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bmp3
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf10
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Lefty1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Lefty2
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tgfb1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tgfb2
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tgfb3
3 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Amh
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bmp2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp4
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp5
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp6
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp7
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp8a
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp8b
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Bmp10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Bmp15
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf3
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf5
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf6
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf7
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Gdf11
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Gdf15
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Inha
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mstn
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Nodal
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Gdf1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (39)
Xtro\inhba
9 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\inhbc.2
8 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC101734287
8 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\inhbc.1
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\inhbb
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\bmp3
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\inha
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\tgfb1
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\tgfb2
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\admp2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\admp
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\amh
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\arpin
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\bmp2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bmp5
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bmp6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bmp7.2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bmp8
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\espn
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\gdf1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf5
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf6
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf7
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gdf9
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC101732995
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC101734157
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC101734231
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mreg
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mstn.1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\nid1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\nodal2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\nodal3.1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\nodal3.2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\nodal5
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\nodal
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\poldip2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\wdr88
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (44)
Drer\inhbab
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\inhbb
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\inhbaa
9 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100332902
9 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100329520
8 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bmp3
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf10a
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\inha
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\lft1
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\lft2
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tgfb1a
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\tgfb2
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\tgfb3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\tgfb5
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\admp
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bmp2a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp2b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp4
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp6
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp7a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp7b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp8a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp10
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf2
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf3
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf5
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf6a
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf6b
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf7
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf10b
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\gdf11
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mstna
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\mstnb
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ndr1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\spaw
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tgfb1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\amh
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bmp5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\bmp10l
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bmp15
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\bmp16
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC101885590
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC101887111
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\tig-3
3 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\daf-7
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\dbl-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\tig-2
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\unc-129
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000342
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005289
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007987
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011934
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012076
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000824
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Actβ. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
daw
6 of 13
dpp
3 of 13
gbb
3 of 13
mav
3 of 13
scw
3 of 13
myo
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 6 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    INHBA; inhibin subunit beta A
    10 of 14
    147290
         
        INHBB; inhibin subunit beta B
        10 of 14
        147390
             
            INHBC; inhibin subunit beta C
            9 of 14
            601233
                 
                INHBE; inhibin subunit beta E
                8 of 14
                612031
                     
                    BMP3; bone morphogenetic protein 3
                    3 of 14
                    112263
                         
                        GDF10; growth differentiation factor 10
                        3 of 14
                        601361
                            INHA; inhibin subunit alpha
                            3 of 14
                            147380
                                 
                                LEFTY1; left-right determination factor 1
                                3 of 14
                                603037
                                    LEFTY2; left-right determination factor 2
                                    3 of 14
                                    601877
                                        TGFB1; transforming growth factor beta 1
                                        3 of 14
                                        190180
                                         
                                        TGFB2; transforming growth factor beta 2
                                        3 of 14
                                        190220
                                         
                                        TGFB3; transforming growth factor beta 3
                                        3 of 14
                                        190230
                                         
                                        Functional Complementation Data
                                        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                                        Interactions
                                        Summary of Physical Interactions
                                        Summary of Genetic Interactions
                                        Interaction Browsers
                                        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                                        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                                        Starting gene(s)
                                        Interaction type
                                        Interacting gene(s)
                                        Reference
                                        Actβ
                                        enhanceable
                                        sev
                                        (Ting et al., 2007)
                                        Actβ
                                        enhanceable
                                        tutl
                                        (Ferguson et al., 2009)
                                        Starting gene(s)
                                        Interaction type
                                        Interacting gene(s)
                                        Reference
                                        daw
                                        enhanceable
                                        Actβ
                                        (Zhu et al., 2008)
                                        Fs
                                        suppressible
                                        Actβ
                                        (Pentek et al., 2009)
                                        Mad
                                        suppressible
                                        Actβ
                                        (Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
                                        Smox
                                        enhanceable
                                        Actβ
                                        (Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
                                        External Data
                                        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                                        Homodimer or heterodimer; disulfide-linked.
                                        (UniProt, O61643 )
                                        Linkouts
                                        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                                        Pathways
                                        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                                        Metabolic Pathways
                                        FlyBase
                                        External Links
                                        External Data
                                        Linkouts
                                        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                                        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                                        SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
                                        Class of Gene
                                        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                                        Chromosome (arm)
                                        4
                                        Recombination map
                                        4-0
                                        Cytogenetic map
                                        102F8-102F8
                                        Sequence location
                                        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                                        Cytogenetic map
                                        Evidence for location
                                        102F8-102F8
                                        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                                        Cytogenetic map
                                        Notes
                                        References
                                        102F-102F
                                        (Kutty, 1998.3.19)
                                        102F-102F
                                        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                                        (Kutty et al., 1998)
                                        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                                        Location

                                        4-0

                                        (FlyBase, 2016)
                                        Left of (cM)
                                        Right of (cM)
                                        Notes
                                        Stocks and Reagents
                                        Stocks (33)
                                        Genomic Clones (13)
                                         

                                        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                                        cDNA Clones (44)
                                         

                                        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                                        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                                        BDGP DGC clones
                                        Other clones
                                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                                          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                                          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                                          BDGP DGC clones
                                            Other clones
                                            RNAi and Array Information
                                            Linkouts
                                            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                            Antibody Information
                                            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                                             
                                            Commercially Available Antibodies
                                             
                                            Cell Line Information
                                            Publicly Available Cell Lines
                                             
                                              Other Stable Cell Lines
                                               
                                                Other Comments

                                                The activin signaling pathway is present in Drosophila indicating the signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved.

                                                (Kutty et al., 1998)
                                                Relationship to Other Genes
                                                Source for database merge of

                                                Source for merge of: activin-β anon-WO02059370.79

                                                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                                                Additional comments

                                                Source for merge of activin-β anon-WO02059370.79 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

                                                (FlyBase, 1996-)
                                                Nomenclature History
                                                Source for database identify of
                                                Nomenclature comments
                                                Etymology
                                                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)
                                                Reported As
                                                Symbol Synonym
                                                ACTB
                                                (Wang et al., 2020)
                                                Act
                                                (Serpe and O'Connor, 2006)
                                                Act-β
                                                (Gou et al., 2020, Gervais and Bardin, 2017, Bai et al., 2013)
                                                ActBeta
                                                (Fourth Chromosome Resource Project and Newfeld, 2022-)
                                                Actbeta
                                                (Fourth Chromosome Resource Project and Newfeld, 2022-, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-)
                                                Activin
                                                (Chen and Desplan, 2020, Malita and Rewitz, 2020, Pan et al., 2020, Texada et al., 2020, Ting et al., 2014, Mirth and Shingleton, 2012, Whitman and Raftery, 2005)
                                                Activin-β
                                                (Alvarez-Ochoa et al., 2021, Morin-Poulard et al., 2021, Colombani and Andersen, 2020)
                                                Actβ
                                                (Bastin and Eleftherianos, 2023, Krejčová et al., 2023, Lassetter et al., 2023, Stanković et al., 2023, Kubrak et al., 2022, Chatterjee and Perrimon, 2021, Fabian et al., 2021, Herrera et al., 2021, Ibaraki et al., 2021, Kim and O'Connor, 2021, Cui et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Mira and Morante, 2020, Upadhyay et al., 2020, Zhou et al., 2020, Moss-Taylor et al., 2019, Song et al., 2018, Chng et al., 2017, Makhijani et al., 2017, Song et al., 2017, Upadhyay et al., 2017, Moulton and Letsou, 2016, Fuentes-Medel et al., 2012, Awasaki et al., 2011)
                                                CG11062
                                                (Ibaraki et al., 2021, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)
                                                act
                                                (Beckwith et al., 2013)
                                                activin
                                                (Roeder et al., 2009)
                                                activin-beta
                                                (Sarov et al., 2016, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Dorus et al., 2006)
                                                activin-β
                                                (Chopra et al., 2022, Podemski et al., 2004)
                                                actβ
                                                (Bretscher and O'Connor, 2025, Wang et al., 2019, Hevia and de Celis, 2013, Awasaki et al., 2011, Zhu et al., 2008)
                                                anon-WO02059370.79
                                                dACT
                                                (Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007, Haerry and Gesualdi, 2006, Haerry and O'Connor, 2002)
                                                dAct
                                                (Hoyer et al., 2018, Jensen et al., 2009, Bickel et al., 2008, Ellis et al., 2005, Zheng et al., 2003)
                                                dActivin
                                                (Ting et al., 2014)
                                                dActβ
                                                (Wells et al., 2017)
                                                dact
                                                (Gesualdi and Haerry, 2005)
                                                β-Activin
                                                (Dudu, 2006)
                                                Name Synonyms
                                                Activan
                                                (Lengil et al., 2015)
                                                Activin
                                                (Ozakman et al., 2020, Gilboa, 2015, Ting et al., 2014, Yamanaka et al., 2013, Bickel et al., 2008, Gesualdi and Haerry, 2007)
                                                Activin β
                                                (Fuentes-Medel et al., 2012)
                                                Activin-beta
                                                (Javeed et al., 2015)
                                                Activin-β
                                                (Toubarro et al., 2025, Csordás et al., 2021, Song et al., 2017, Zhu et al., 2008)
                                                Activinβ
                                                (Destalminil-Letourneau et al., 2021, Mattila and Hietakangas, 2017)
                                                DmActivin-beta
                                                (Wisotzkey and Newfeld, 2020)
                                                activin
                                                (Miyashita et al., 2012, Lo and Frasch, 1999)
                                                activin 102F
                                                (Lo and Frasch, 1999)
                                                activin β
                                                (Kutty et al., 1998)
                                                activin-b
                                                (Renfranz et al., 2003)
                                                activin-β
                                                (Awasaki et al., 2011, Pentek et al., 2009, Riddle et al., 2008, Adryan et al., 2007)
                                                dActivin
                                                (Ayyaz et al., 2015, Ting et al., 2014, Ferguson et al., 2009, Jensen et al., 2009, Pistillo and Desplan, 2007, Ting et al., 2007, Grueber and Jan, 2004, Zheng et al., 2003, Haerry and O'Connor, 2002, Parker and Arora, 2002, Marquez et al., 2001, Zimmerman and Padgett, 2000, Raftery and Sutherland, 1999)
                                                Secondary FlyBase IDs
                                                • FBgn0065994
                                                Datasets (0)
                                                Study focus (0)
                                                Experimental Role
                                                Project
                                                Project Type
                                                Title
                                                Study result (0)
                                                Result
                                                Result Type
                                                Title
                                                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 45 )
                                                Sequence Crossreferences
                                                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                                                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                                                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                                                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                                                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                                                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                                                Other crossreferences
                                                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                                                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                                                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                                                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                                                FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                                                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                                                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                                                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                                                Linkouts
                                                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                                                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                                                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                                                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                                                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                                                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                                                FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                                                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                                                Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                                                KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                                                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                                                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                                                SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
                                                References (151)