FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Torsin
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Torsin
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Torsin
Annotation Symbol
CG3024
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0025615
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
15 publicly available
Gene Summary
Torsin (Torsin) encodes an AAA-ATPase that is implicated in the export of large ribonuclear protein particles through the nuclear membrane. It regulates dopamine levels. [Date last reviewed: 2018-10-18] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

torp4a, dtorsin, DTor

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
4C11-4C11
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-8
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:4648592..4650032
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010448, InterPro:IPR017378
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence model
(Jokhi et al., 2013)
enables ATP hydrolysis activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR010448
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence model
(Jokhi et al., 2013)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O14656
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (12 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in eye pigment granule organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
involved_in larval fat body development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in lipid biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in lipid metabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in neuron cellular homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
involved_in nuclear envelope budding
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:wash; FB:FBgn0033692
(Verboon et al., 2020)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jokhi et al., 2013)
involved_in positive regulation of cell growth
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in regulation of dopamine metabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2011)
involved_in regulation of lipid storage
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in triglyceride homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Grillet et al., 2016)
involved_in vesicle scission
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:wash; FB:FBgn0033692
(Verboon et al., 2020)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jokhi et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cellular response to misfolded protein
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002583237
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
is_active_in nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
(Jacquemyn et al., 2021, Jokhi et al., 2013, Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
part_of nuclear membrane protein complex
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:TORIP; FB:FBgn0036908
(Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR017378
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the ClpA/ClpB family. Torsin subfamily. (O77277)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Torsin (Torsin) encodes an AAA-ATPase that is implicated in the export of large ribonuclear protein particles through the nuclear membrane. It regulates dopamine levels. [Date last reviewed: 2018-10-18]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED ATPASES -
This group comprises ATPases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
May serve as a molecular chaperone assisting in the proper folding of secreted and/or membrane proteins.
(UniProt, O77277)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Torsin for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry O77277)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Torsin-RA
FBtr0070690
NM_131950
1184
340
Torsin-RB
FBtr0345715
NM_001297937
1383
340
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Torsin-PA
FBpp0070658
38.2
340
8.81
O77277
NP_572178
AAF45969
Torsin-PB
FBpp0311758
38.2
340
8.81
O77277
NP_001284866
AHN59337
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

340 aa isoforms: Torsin-PA, Torsin-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Torsin using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.43

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4
organism
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
embryonic stage 16
embryonic garland cell of ring gland
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
embryonic Malpighian tubule
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
third instar larval stage
ring gland | intense
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
midline glial cell
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
imaginal disc
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
pupal stage P6 -- P7
ommatidial precursor cluster
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
primary pigment cell precursor
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
interommatidial bristle
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
adult stage
eye disc anterior to the morphogenetic furrow
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
eye disc posterior to the morphogenetic furrow
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Torsin is expressed in ScerGAL4sli.PS positive midline glial cells and, in the larval ring gland, colocalizes with endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope markers.

(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
is_active_in nuclear envelope
inferred from direct assay
(Jacquemyn et al., 2021, Jokhi et al., 2013, Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
part_of nuclear membrane protein complex
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:TORIP; FB:FBgn0036908
(Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Torsin in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 23 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Torsin
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Torsin
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
male sterile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal body color
abnormal developmental rate | third instar larval stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4C57
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
abnormal locomotor behavior | third instar larval stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C57
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
abnormal neuroanatomy | progressive, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C57
abnormal oxidative stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
abnormal size | third instar larval stage
decreased cell growth rate | larval stage
decreased cell size | larval stage
decreased size | larval stage
short lived, with Scer\GAL4C57
short lived, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
short lived, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
visible, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
visible, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
visible | progressive, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
chaeta
dopaminergic neuron | third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval fat body | larval stage
embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage
endoplasmic reticulum | third instar larval stage
eye, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
larval fat cell
lipid droplet | increased number | larval stage
lipid droplet | third instar larval stage
NMJ bouton | third instar larval stage
NMJ bouton | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C57
nuclear envelope | larval stage
nuclear membrane | larval stage
nuclear pore | decreased number | larval stage
pigment granule | adult stage, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
pigment granule | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
pigment granule | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
retina | progressive, with Df(1)bi-DL2, Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
type I bouton | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C57
type I bouton | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
type I bouton | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (8)
Hsap\TOR1A
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
7  
Hsap\TOR1B
13 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\TOR2A
10 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TOR3A
10 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\TOR4A
4 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\CLPB
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\LONP1
1 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\ZDHHC13
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (8)
Rnor\Tor1a
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Tor1b
13 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tor2a
10 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tor3a
10 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Tor4a
4 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Ankrd11
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Clpb
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Lonp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Tor1a
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Tor1b
13 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tor2a
9 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tor3a
9 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Tor4a
4 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Ankrd11
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Clpb
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Lonp1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)
Xtro\tor1a
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\tor1b
10 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\tor2a
8 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\tor3a
5 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dtx1
4 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tor4a
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\dusp5
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\lonp2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mamdc2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\swi5
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (12)
Drer\tor1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\tor1l1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\tor1l2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\tor1l3
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tor3a
10 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tor2a
8 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tor4aa
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\tor4ab
4 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC101886311
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100006542
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\lonp1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\lonp2
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
Cele\tor-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\tor-2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\ooc-5
12 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\lonp-2
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009547
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010451
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (9)
Atha\CLPB4
2 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\CLPB2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\CLPB3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\CLPC1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\ERD1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\HSP93-III
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\HSP101
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\LON1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\LON3
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\HSP78
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\HSP104
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\RPT3
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\rpt3
1 of 12
Yes
No
Spom\SPBC4F6.17c
1 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPBC16D10.08c
1 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)
Ecol\clpA
1 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\clpB
1 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Torsin. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
CG4880
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
TOR1A; torsin family 1 member A
model of  torsion dystonia 1
IEA
(FlyBase, 2019-)
model of  arthrogryposis multiplex congenita-5
IEA
(FlyBase, 2019-)
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
TorsinKO13
model of  dystonia
is ameliorated by Hsap\TOR1AUAS.cWa
(Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2015)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
TOR1A; torsin family 1 member A
14 of 14
TORSIN 1A; TOR1A
 
TOR1B; torsin family 1 member B
13 of 14
608050
       
      TOR2A; torsin family 2 member A
      10 of 14
      608052
          TOR3A; torsin family 3 member A
          10 of 14
          607555
              TOR4A; torsin family 4 member A
              4 of 14
                  Functional Complementation Data
                  Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                  Dmel gene
                  Ortholog showing functional complementation
                  Supporting References
                  Torsin
                  Hsap\TOR1A
                  (Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2015, Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2011)
                  Interactions
                  Summary of Physical Interactions
                  Summary of Genetic Interactions
                  Interaction Browsers
                  View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                  Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                  Starting gene(s)
                  Interaction type
                  Interacting gene(s)
                  Reference
                  Torsin
                  suppressible
                  Cnep1r1
                  (Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
                  Torsin
                  suppressible
                  Cnep1r2
                  (Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
                  Torsin
                  suppressible
                  Ctdnep1
                  (Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
                  Torsin
                  suppressible
                  Lpin
                  (Jacquemyn et al., 2021, Grillet et al., 2016)
                  Torsin
                  enhanceable
                  Pu
                  (Wakabayashi-Ito et al., 2011)
                  Torsin
                  suppressible
                  TORIP::Torsin
                  (Jacquemyn et al., 2021)
                  Starting gene(s)
                  Interaction type
                  Interacting gene(s)
                  Reference
                  External Data
                  Linkouts
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Pathways
                  Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                  Metabolic Pathways
                  FlyBase
                  External Links
                  External Data
                  Linkouts
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  Class of Gene
                  Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                  Chromosome (arm)
                  X
                  Recombination map
                  1-8
                  Cytogenetic map
                  4C11-4C11
                  Sequence location
                  FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                  Cytogenetic map
                  Evidence for location
                  4C11-4C11
                  Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG2930EP1352 and P{EP}EP425
                  Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                  Cytogenetic map
                  Notes
                  References
                  4C5-4C6
                  (Chou, 2000.2.18)
                  Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                  Location

                  1-8

                  (FlyBase, 2016)

                  1-7.6

                  (Comeron et al., 2012)
                  Left of (cM)
                  Right of (cM)
                  Notes
                  Stocks and Reagents
                  Stocks (15)
                  Genomic Clones (13)
                   

                  Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                  cDNA Clones (28)
                   

                  Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                  cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                  BDGP DGC clones
                  Other clones
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                  For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                  cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                  BDGP DGC clones
                  Other clones
                  RNAi and Array Information
                  Linkouts
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Antibody Information
                  Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                   

                  polyclonal

                  (Nguyen et al., 2016, Muraro and Moffat, 2006)
                  Commercially Available Antibodies
                   
                  Cell Line Information
                  Publicly Available Cell Lines
                   
                    Other Stable Cell Lines
                     
                      Other Comments
                      Relationship to Other Genes
                      Source for database merge of
                      Additional comments
                      Nomenclature History
                      Source for database identify of

                      Source for identity of: EG:84H4.1 CG3024

                      (Zhao, 1999.11)

                      Source for identity of: torp4a EG:84H4.1

                      (Corey, 2001.5.19, Ozelius et al., 1999)

                      Source for identity of: Torsin torp4a

                      (Ito et al., 2011.11.4)
                      Nomenclature comments
                      Etymology
                      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
                      Datasets (0)
                      Study focus (0)
                      Experimental Role
                      Project
                      Project Type
                      Title
                      Study result (0)
                      Result
                      Result Type
                      Title
                      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 45 )
                      Sequence Crossreferences
                      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                      Other crossreferences
                      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                      Linkouts
                      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                      References (66)