FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\twf
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\twf
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
twinfilin
Annotation Symbol
CG3172
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0038206
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
14 publicly available
Gene Summary
twinfilin (twf) encodes a ubiquitously expressed actin monomer binding protein that is structurally related to the product of tsr and inhibits actin filament assembly. It is highly conserved and is present in all eukaryotes except plants. Its roles include bristle and neuronal development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

A6

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
88A9-88A9
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-54
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:14122654..14124474
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (18 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin binding
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables actin binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002108, InterPro:IPR028458
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables actin filament binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables actin monomer binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin filament depolymerization
inferred from direct assay
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
involved_in border follicle cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in chaeta morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
involved_in mushroom body development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in negative regulation of actin filament polymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in neuromuscular synaptic transmission
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
involved_in regulation of actin filament polymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
involved_in regulation of lamellipodium assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iwasa and Mullins, 2007)
involved_in synaptic vesicle endocytosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in actin filament depolymerization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in barbed-end actin filament capping
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in negative regulation of actin filament polymerization
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR028458
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in positive regulation of neuron projection development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011684
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of lamellipodium assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011684
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in actin filament
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011683
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in myofibril
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001011684
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the actin-binding proteins ADF family. Twinfilin subfamily. (Q9VFM9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
twinfilin (twf) encodes a ubiquitously expressed actin monomer binding protein that is structurally related to the product of tsr and inhibits actin filament assembly. It is highly conserved and is present in all eukaryotes except plants. Its roles include bristle and neuronal development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Actin-binding protein involved in motile and morphological processes. Inhibits actin polymerization, likely by sequestering G-actin.
(UniProt, Q9VFM9)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\twf for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VFM9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
twf-RA
FBtr0082891
NM_142081
1377
343
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
twf-PA
FBpp0082352
39.1
343
6.99
Q9VFM9
NP_650338
AAF55022
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

343 (aa); 40 (kD)

(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with G-actin; ADP-actin form.

(UniProt, Q9VFM9)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\twf using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.87

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
first instar larval stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
second instar larval stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
third instar larval stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
pupal stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
adult stage | female
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
adult stage | male
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Additional Descriptive Data

twf transcripts are detected in all stages examined.

(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
larval brain
(Wang et al., 2010)
pupal stage P6
macrochaeta

Comment: reference states 32 hr APF

(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
microchaeta

Comment: reference states 32 hr APF

(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
adult stage
adult brain
(Wang et al., 2010)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
larval stage
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
wandering third instar larval stage
larval brain
(Stephan et al., 2011)
oogenesis
ovary
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
border follicle cell
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
ovary
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Additional Descriptive Data

twf protein is present in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of all ovarian cells.

(Wang et al., 2010, Wahlstrom et al., 2001)

twf protein is detectedin larval extracts on western blots. Immunolocalization experiments reveal that it is ubiquitously distributed in embryos. twf protein is also observed in ovaries, especially in border cells. In pupae, twf protein is highly abundant in the cytoplasm of all hair- and bristle-producing cells. It is also distributed throughout the developing bristle shaft.

(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2010)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\twf in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of twf
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of twf
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3R)Exel7359
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(3R)su(Hw)7
(Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal - all die before end of larval stage
lethal - all die before end of larval stage (with twf102)
lethal - all die before end of larval stage (with twf110)
partially lethal - majority live, with Scer\GAL44XHand
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4HCH.Hand
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female semi-sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal developmental rate | larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
abnormal neuroanatomy (with twf102)
abnormal neuroanatomy (with twf110)
abnormal neurophysiology
abnormal neurophysiology (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
decreased body size
decreased rate of movement
flightless
some die during larval stage
some die during larval stage (with twf102)
some die during larval stage (with twf110)
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
actin filament
adult mushroom body
adult mushroom body (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
adult mushroom body (with twf102)
adult mushroom body (with twf110)
adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
adult mushroom body beta-lobe
adult mushroom body beta-lobe (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
adult mushroom body beta-lobe (with twf102)
adult mushroom body beta-lobe (with twf110)
border follicle cell | heat sensitive
border follicle cell | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4slbo.2.6
border follicle cell | heat sensitive (with twf110)
border follicle cell | heat sensitive (with twfEP3701)
border follicle cell | somatic clone
chaeta (with Df(3R)su(Hw)7)
interommatidial bristle
macrochaeta
microchaeta
NMJ bouton
ommatidium
trichogen cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
trichome
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (7)
Hsap\TWF1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\TWF2
13 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\CFL1
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\CFL2
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\DSTN
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\GMFB
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\GMFG
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Twf1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Twf2
13 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Cfl1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Cfl2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Dstn
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Gmfb
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Gmfg
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (7)
Mmus\Twf1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Twf2
13 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Cfl1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Cfl2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Dstn
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Gmfb
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Gmfg
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\twf1
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\twf2
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\cfl1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cfl2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dstn
2 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (8)
Drer\twf1b
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\twf2b
13 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\twf2
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\twf1a
9 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\cfl1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\cfl1l
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\cfl2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\gmfb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
Cele\twf-2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\F53E2.2
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\unc-60
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\Y50D7A.10
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003717
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\TWF_ANOGA
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012056
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009059
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (12)
Atha\ADF1
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF2
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF3
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF4
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF5
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF6
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF7
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF8
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF9
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF10
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\ADF11
2 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT3G45990
2 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\TWF1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\COF1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\AIM7
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\twf1
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\adf1
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\gmf1
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:twf. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
CG6873
2 of 13
tsr
2 of 13
GMF
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    TWF1; twinfilin actin binding protein 1
    14 of 14
    610932
        TWF2; twinfilin actin binding protein 2
        13 of 14
        607433
             
            Functional Complementation Data
            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
            Interactions
            Summary of Physical Interactions
            Interaction Browsers
            Summary of Genetic Interactions
            Interaction Browsers
            View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
            Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            twf
            suppressible
            chic
            (Wang et al., 2010)
            twf
            enhanceable
            tsr
            (Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            External Data
            Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
            Interacts with G-actin; ADP-actin form.
            (UniProt, Q9VFM9 )
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Pathways
            Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
            Metabolic Pathways
            FlyBase
            External Links
            External Data
            Linkouts
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Class of Gene
            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
            Chromosome (arm)
            3R
            Recombination map
            3-54
            Cytogenetic map
            88A9-88A9
            Sequence location
            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Evidence for location
            88A9-88A9
            Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}flfl01949 and P{lacW}trxj14A6&P{PZ}trx00347
            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Notes
            References
            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
            Location

            3-54

            (FlyBase, 2016)

            3-52.7

            (Comeron et al., 2012)
            Left of (cM)
            Right of (cM)
            Notes
            Stocks and Reagents
            Stocks (14)
            Genomic Clones (15)
             

            Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

            cDNA Clones (9)
             

            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

            cDNA clones, fully sequenced
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

              cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              RNAi and Array Information
              Linkouts
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Antibody Information
              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
               

              polyclonal

              (Wahlstrom et al., 2001)
              Commercially Available Antibodies
               
              Cell Line Information
              Publicly Available Cell Lines
               
                Other Stable Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Comments

                  dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

                  (Kiger et al., 2003)

                  dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene is tested in an RNAi screen for effects on actin-based lamella formation.

                  (Rogers et al., 2003)
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database merge of
                  Additional comments

                  Source for identity of twf CG3172 was sequence comparison ( date:020211 ).

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Nomenclature History
                  Source for database identify of

                  Source for identity of: twf CG3172

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Nomenclature comments
                  Etymology
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
                  Experimental Role
                  Project
                  Project Type
                  Title
                  Study result (0)
                  Result
                  Result Type
                  Title
                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 38 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                  BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                  FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                  MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  References (64)