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FB2026_01
,
released March 12, 2026
This report includes information relevant to a preliminary model of spinocerebellar ataxia 29 (SCA29), which is a subtype of spinocerebellar ataxia; SCA29 exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. The human gene implicated in this disease is ITPR1, an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor, an intracellular IP3-gated calcium channel that modulates intracellular calcium signaling. This gene is also associated with the diseases spinocerebellar ataxia 15 (MIM:606658, FBhh0000070, an earlier-onset form) and Gillespie syndrome (MIM:206700). There is one high-scoring fly ortholog, Itpr, for which RNAi targeting constructs, alleles caused by insertional mutagenesis, and classical amorphic alleles have been generated. There are two additional genes that encode inositol triphosphate receptors in human, ITPR2 and ITPR3.
The human ITPR1 gene has not been introduced into flies, however, a UAS construct of the rat gene, Rnor\Itpr1 has been. Pan-neuronal expression of Rnor\Itpr1 rescues neuronal phenotypes of Itpr mutants, including wing posture, flight, electrophysiological correlates of flight maintenance, and intracellular calcium dynamics.
Animals homozygous for severe loss-of-function mutations of Dmel\Itpr typically die during the larval stage. Several conditional alleles (cold-sensitive) have been isolated; adults raised at the permissive temperature exhibit phenotypes such as flight defective, locomotor behavior defective, and feeding behavior defective. RNAi-effected knockdown in neural tissues results in neurophysiology and neuroanatomy defects. Genetic and physical interactions of Dmel\Itpr have been described; see below and in the Itpr gene report.
[updated Feb. 2020 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]
The autosomal dominant cerebellar degenerative disorders are generally referred to as 'spinocerebellar ataxias,' (SCAs) even though 'spinocerebellar' is a hybrid term, referring to both clinical signs and neuroanatomical regions (Margolis, 2003, pubmed:14628900). Neuropathologists have defined SCAs as cerebellar ataxias with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord, and the clinical features of the disorders are caused by degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections, which involve the brainstem and spinal cord (Schols et al., 2004 pubmed:15099544; Taroni and DiDonato, 2004, pubmed:15263894). [From MIM:164400, 2015.10.27]
The autosomal dominant cerebellar degenerative disorders are generally referred to as 'spinocerebellar ataxias' (SCAs). Neuropathologists have defined SCAs as cerebellar ataxias with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord; the clinical features of the disorders are caused by degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections, which involve the brainstem and spinal cord (Schols et al., 2004 pubmed:15099544; Taroni and DiDonato, 2004, pubmed:15263894). [From MIM:164400, 2015.10.27]
[SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 29; SCA29](https://omim.org/entry/117360)
[INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRIPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR, TYPE 1; ITPR1](https://omim.org/entry/147265)
Spinocerebellar ataxia-29 is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by onset in infancy of delayed motor development and mild cognitive delay. Affected individuals develop a very slowly progressive or nonprogressive gait and limb ataxia associated with cerebellar atrophy on brain imaging. Additional variable features include nystagmus, dysarthria, and tremor (summary by Huang et al., 2012, pubmed:22986007). Heterozygous mutation in the ITPR1 gene also causes SCA15 (MIM:606658), which is distinguished by later age at onset and normal cognition. [From MIM:117360, 2015.12.15]
This form of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA29, is caused by heterozygous mutation in the ITPR1 gene. [From MIM:117360, 2015.10.30]
The ITPR1 gene encodes the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor, an intracellular IP3-gated calcium channel that modulates intracellular calcium signaling (Berridge, 1993, pubmed:8381210; Hirota et al., 2003, pubmed:12611586). ITPR1 encodes multiple splice isoforms. The long form appears to create an additional consensus protein kinase C phosphorylation site. The long form predominates in most brain regions except for the cerebellum, while the short form predominates in peripheral tissues (Nucifora et al., 1995. pubmed:7500840). [From MIM:147265, 2015.12.15]
Many to one (3 human to 1 Drosophila) (See DIOPT, link below)
Ortholog of human ITPR1, ITPR2, and ITPR3 (1 Drosophila to 3 human).
Dmel\Itp-r83A shares 57% identity and 70% similarity with human ITPR1, 54% identity and 68% similarity with human ITPR2, and 52% identity and 67% similarity to human ITPR3.