FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Scsα1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Scsα1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Succinyl-coenzyme A synthetase α subunit 1
Annotation Symbol
CG1065
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0004888
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
13 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
succinate--CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (6.2.1.4)
succinate--CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (6.2.1.5)
Gene Summary
Succinyl-coenzyme A synthetase α subunit 1 (Scsα1) encodes the catalytic subunit of the heterodimeric mitochondrial succinate-CoA ligase complex that catalyzes the fifth step of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The complex hydrolyzes succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, coupled to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Scsalpha, Scsα, Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase α subunit, Scsa

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
63F1-63F1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-9
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:3814211..3818383
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables succinate-CoA ligase activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Quan et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catalytic activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005810, InterPro:IPR005811
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000122012
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P13086
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P13086
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000122012
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Quan et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000122012
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000122014
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of succinate-CoA ligase complex (ADP-forming)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P13086
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000122012
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of succinate-CoA ligase complex (GDP-forming)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P13086
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase alpha subunit family. (Q94522)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) activity
succinate + ATP + CoA = succinyl-CoA + ADP + phosphate (6.2.1.5)
RHEA 17661: succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) activity
GTP + succinate + CoA = succinyl-CoA + GDP + phosphate (6.2.1.4)
RHEA 22120:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Succinyl-coenzyme A synthetase α subunit 1 (Scsα1) encodes the catalytic subunit of the heterodimeric mitochondrial succinate-CoA ligase complex that catalyzes the fifth step of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The complex hydrolyzes succinyl-CoA into succinate and CoA, coupled to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-27]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SUCCINYL-COA SYNTHETASES -
Succinyl-CoA synthetases are mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the reversible conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate in the only step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of either ADP or GDP. In eukaryotes, the functional enzyme is a heterodimeric complex composed of a single alpha subunit and one of two isoforms of a beta subunit that determines the substrate specificity, resulting in an ATP- or GTP-generating enzyme. (Adapted from PMID:37445899.)
SUCCINATE-COA LIGASE (ADP/ATP) COMPLEX -
The succinate-CoA ligase (ADP/ATP) complex is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate in the only step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP. In eukaryotes, the functional enzyme is a heterodimeric complex composed of a single alpha subunit (that is shared with the GTP-forming complex) and a beta subunit that determines the ADP substrate specificity. (Adapted from PMID:37445899.)
SUCCINATE-COA LIGASE (GDP/GTP) COMPLEX -
The succinate-CoA ligase (GDP/GTP) complex is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate in the only step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP. In eukaryotes, the functional enzyme is a heterodimeric complex composed of a single alpha subunit (that is shared with the ATP-forming complex) and a beta subunit that determines the GDP substrate specificity. (Adapted from PMID:37445899.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE -
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria. It consists of a cyclic series of chemical reactions that harness high-energy electrons from nutrients to produce energy (ATP). Each turn of the TCA cycle oxidizes one acetyl-CoA to two CO2 molecules and yields one GTP or ATP and 6 electrons in the form of four reducing equivalents (three NADH and one FADH2). Then, these electron carriers transfer their electrons onto the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes to generate ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The TCA cycle intermediates can also be used as precursors for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and porphyrins and for gluconeogenesis. (Adapted from PMID:36581208).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of either ATP or GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The alpha subunit of the enzyme binds the substrates coenzyme A and phosphate, while succinate binding and specificity for either ATP or GTP is provided by different beta subunits.
(UniProt, Q94522)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Scsα1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q94522)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Scsα1-RA
FBtr0073151
NM_079181
1479
328
Scsα1-RB
FBtr0303096
NM_001202115
1250
328
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Scsα1-PA
FBpp0073010
34.4
328
9.39
Q94522
NP_523905
AAF47796
Scsα1-PB
FBpp0292215
34.4
328
9.39
Q94522
NP_001189044
ADV37481
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

328 aa isoforms: Scsα1-PA, Scsα1-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with an ATP-specific beta subunit, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with a GTP-specific beta subunit forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).

(UniProt, Q94522)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Scsα1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.22

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Scsα1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Scsα1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Scsα1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)Exel6097
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\SUCLG1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\ACLY
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Suclg1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Acly
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Suclg1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Acly
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\suclg1
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ubxn7
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\suclg1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\aclya
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\aclyb
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
Cele\sucl-1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\sucl-2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\acly-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\acly-2
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001312
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010154
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010155
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010156
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (4)
Atha\AT5G08300
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G23250
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\ACLB-1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\ACLB-2
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\LSC1
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\SPAC16E8.17c
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPBC1703.07
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (5)
Ecol\sucD
10 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\fdrA
2 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\yahF
2 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\patZ
1 of 11
No
No
Ecol\ylbE
1 of 11
No
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Scsα1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
Scsα2
11 of 13
Acly
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Scsα1KK102542
ameliorates  brain cancer
modeled by bratKK113206
(Rebelo and Homem, 2023)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
SUCLG1; succinate-CoA ligase GDP/ADP-forming subunit alpha
14 of 14
611224
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
Scsα1 - S6k
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
(Vinayagam et al., 2016)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta subunit. Different beta subunits determine nucleotide specificity. Together with an ATP-specific beta subunit, forms an ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (A-SCS). Together with a GTP-specific beta subunit forms a GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase (G-SCS).
(UniProt, Q94522 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE
External Links
FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3L
Recombination map
3-9
Cytogenetic map
63F1-63F1
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
63F1-63F1
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}kst01318 and P{PZ}Sc205634
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
63E1-63E9
(Caggese, 1996.10.24)
63E8-63E9
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
(Caggese et al., 1999)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-9

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-8.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-

Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (13)
Genomic Clones (24)
cDNA Clones (168)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Scsα CG1065

        (Shue, 1999.11)

        Source for identity of: Scsα1 Scsα

        (Arama et al., 2018.5.3)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (15)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
        References (86)