FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\dhd

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\dhd

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

deadhead

Annotation Symbol

CG4193

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0011761

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

10 publicly available

Gene Summary

deadhead (dhd) encodes a thioredoxin-like protein necessary for the initiation of embryonic development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Trx-1, DmTrx-1

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

4F4-4F4

Sequence location

X:5,312,171..5,313,125 [+]

Recombination map

1-11

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:5312171..5313125

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Kanzok et al., 2001)

enables protein-disulfide reductase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Petit et al., 2024, Tirmarche et al., 2016)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables protein-disulfide reductase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005746

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in female meiotic nuclear division

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Salz et al., 1994)

involved_in head development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Salz et al., 1994)

involved_in sperm DNA decondensation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tirmarche et al., 2016)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Tirmarche et al., 2016)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Tirmarche et al., 2016, Svensson et al., 2003)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from sequence model

(Mondal and Singh, 2022)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

THIOREDOXINS

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the thioredoxin family. (P47938)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

deadhead (dhd) encodes a thioredoxin-like protein necessary for the initiation of embryonic development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

THIOREDOXINS -: Thioredoxins reduce disulfide bonds in other proteins using the two cysteines of their conserved active site (WCGPC). They are kept in a reduced, active form by thioredoxin reductase, TrxR, which converts TrxS[[2]] to Trx(SH)[[2]] using NADPH. Thioredoxins have diverse in vivo functions including protection against oxidative stress, redox modification of other proteins, and as an electron donor for ribonucleotide reductase in DNA synthesis. Some thioredoxins are specific to particular organs or cellular compartments. (Adapted from FBrf0200723 and PMID:23397885.)

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. As a reducing substrate of peroxiredoxin 1, thioredoxin 2 is preferred over thioredoxin 1. Required for female meiosis and early embryonic development.

(UniProt, P47938)

Summary (Interactive Fly)

ovary-specific thioredoxin - linked to the distinctive redox-state balance set at the oocyte-to-embryo transition - redox proteome - required to unlock sperm chromatin at fertilization - disulfide bond reduction is required for protamine eviction from sperm chromatin

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\dhd for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P47938)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

6ZMU

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Gene model supported by multiple BLAST hits even though it is not the longest possible cds in the transcript.

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

dhd-RA

FBtr0070749

NM_078491

772

107

dhd-RB

FBtr0345745

NM_001297953

952

107

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

1.0 (northern blot)

(Salz et al., 1994)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

dhd-PA

FBpp0070717

12.4

107

9.94

FBpp0311766

12.4

107

9.94

P47938

NP_001284882

AHN59353

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

107 aa isoforms: dhd-PA, dhd-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

107 (aa)

(Salz et al., 1994)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

6ZMU

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\dhd using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.28

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

pre-blastoderm stage

organism | ubiquitous

(Salz et al., 1994)

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism

Comment: rapidly degraded

(Fisher et al., 2012)

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

germline cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 9

organism

(Salz et al., 1994)

P-stage | female

organism | faint

Comment: female-specific

(Svensson et al., 2003)

adult stage | female

(Salz et al., 1994)

organism | intense

Comment: female-specific

(Svensson et al., 2003)

adult stage | male

(Salz et al., 1994)

adult stage oogenesis stage S9 -- S14

nurse cell

(Salz et al., 1994)

Additional Descriptive Data

dhd transcripts are more abundant in adult females than males and are localized mainly in the ovaries. They are abundant in 0-1hr embryos and steadily decline until they are no longer detectable in 4-5hr embryos. In ovaries, transcripts are first detected in stage S9 nurse cells, are abundant in nurse cells by stage S10B, and are later transported to the oocyte. dhd transcripts are uniformly distributed in early embryos but are no longer detectable after the cellular blastoderm stage.

(Salz et al., 1994)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Tirmarche et al., 2016)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Tirmarche et al., 2016, Svensson et al., 2003)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\dhd in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\dhd

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\dhd

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0011761

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31444/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0011761

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0011761

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0011761

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG4193

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0011761

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\dhd

Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 7-8

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 10 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 19 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of dhd

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of dhd

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 6 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 6 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)DEB4D

(Salz et al., 1994)

Df(1)dhd81

(Salz et al., 1994)

Df(1)J210

(Salz and Flickinger, 1996, Flickinger and Salz, 1994)

Df(1)JA2

(Salz and Flickinger, 1996, Flickinger and Salz, 1994)

Df(1)PR110

(Flickinger and Salz, 1994)

Gene partially disrupted in

Df(1)J5

(Svensson et al., 2003)

Inferred from location ( 12 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal | recessive

dhd^J210

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect

dhd^J5

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect (with Df(1)JC70)

dhd^J5

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

dhd^GD11245

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

dhd^GD11245

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

dhd^GD11245

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

dhd^GD11245

viable | female

dhd^KO

Sterility

Allele

female sterile

female sterile (with Df(1)JC70)

dhd^J5

male fertile

dhd^KO

Other Phenotypes

Allele

some die during embryonic stage | recessive | maternal effect | recessive

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

dhd^GD11245

wild-type

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

aster | maternal effect

dhd^J5

centriole | maternal effect

dhd^J5

cephalopharyngeal skeleton | maternal effect

chaeta | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

dhd^GD11245

embryo | blastoderm stage | maternal effect

embryo | gastrula stage | maternal effect

embryo | maternal effect

embryonic head | maternal effect

female pronucleus | maternal effect

dhd^J5

lateral process of cephalopharyngeal skeleton | maternal effect

male pronucleus | maternal effect

dhd^J5

male pronucleus | maternal effect (with Df(1)JC70)

dhd^J5

polar body nucleus | maternal effect

pronucleus | maternal effect

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (26)

Hsap\TXN

8 of 14

Yes

Hsap\TXNDC2

5 of 14

Hsap\TXNDC8

5 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\NXNL1

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\NXNL2

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (15)

Rnor\Txn1

8 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Txndc8

5 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Txn2

4 of 14

Rnor\Txndc2

4 of 14

Yes

3 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Nxnl2

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Nxn

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (18)

Mmus\Txn1

7 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Txndc8

5 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Txn2

4 of 14

Mmus\Txndc2

4 of 14

Yes

3 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Nxnl2

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Nxn

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (21)

Xtro\XB5909790

6 of 13

Yes

5 of 13

4 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\nxnl1

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\nxnl2

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\nxn

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (19)

Drer\txn

8 of 14

Yes

Drer\zgc:56493

8 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\nxnl2

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (34)

Cele\trx-1

7 of 14

Yes

Cele\trx-4

6 of 14

Cele\Y55F3AR.2

6 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

Yes

Cele\C14B9.2

1 of 14

Cele\C30H6.8

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\C32D5.8

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\C35B1.5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\F29B9.5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\T05F1.11

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\T20D4.7

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\T28A11.13

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\trx-3

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\trx-5

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\Y49E10.4

1 of 14

Cele\Y52E8A.3

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\Y73B6BL.12

1 of 14

Cele\ZK353.9

1 of 14

Cele\ZK973.11

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (18)

Agam\TRX1

6 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012940

4 of 12

Yes

3 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

2 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (63)

Atha\TH7

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\TH9

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRX1

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRX2

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRX3

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRX5

8 of 13

Yes

Atha\ATTRX4

7 of 13

Atha\TH8

7 of 13

Yes

Atha\CXXS1

6 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G56420

5 of 13

Atha\CXXS2

5 of 13

Yes

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

Yes

Atha\TO2

4 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRXF1

4 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRXF2

4 of 13

Yes

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ACHT2

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ACHT3

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ACHT4

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\ACHT5

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G04780

3 of 13

Atha\AT3G53220

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\TRX z

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G12170

2 of 13

Atha\ATHM3

2 of 13

Atha\CDSP32

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\HCF164

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\NTRC

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\TTL1

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\TTL2

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\TTL3

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\WCRKC1

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\WCRKC2

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G07700

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G52990

1 of 13

Atha\AT1G60420

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G25950

1 of 13

Atha\AT3G24730

1 of 13

Atha\AT4G31240

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (7)

Scer\TRX3

7 of 13

Yes

6 of 13

6 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (7)

Spom\trx2

8 of 12

Yes

6 of 12

2 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (3)

Ecol\trxA

6 of 11

Yes

Ecol\cnoX

3 of 11

Ecol\trxC

3 of 11

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:dhd. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (19)

11 of 13

11 of 13

10 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

4 of 13

Txl

4 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Pdi

1 of 13

prtp

1 of 13

Tmx2

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

dhd^J5

exacerbates Parkinson's disease

modeled by Hsap\GPR37^UAS.cYa

(Umeda-Kameyama et al., 2007)

dhd^P8

exacerbates Parkinson's disease

modeled by Hsap\GPR37^UAS.cYa

(Umeda-Kameyama et al., 2007)

dhd^UAS.cUa

ameliorates Parkinson's disease

modeled by Hsap\GPR37^UAS.cYa

(Umeda-Kameyama et al., 2007)

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{tr.Q78.UAS.Tag:HA}

(Umeda-Kameyama et al., 2007)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

TXN; thioredoxin

8 of 14

187700

TXNDC2; thioredoxin domain containing 2

5 of 14

617790

TXNDC8; thioredoxin domain containing 8

5 of 14

617789

TXN2; thioredoxin 2

4 of 14

609063

COMBINED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION DEFICIENCY 29; COXPD29

combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 29

TXNL1; thioredoxin like 1

3 of 14

603049

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

dhd - aub

iclip, partial RNA sequence identification, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr

(Vourekas et al., 2016, Barckmann et al., 2015)

dhd - grk

pull down, peptide massfingerprinting

(McDermott et al., 2012)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

dhd - NO66

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot

(Petrova et al., 2018)

dhd - Nap1

pull down, anti tag western blot