FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\dpa
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\dpa
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
disc proliferation abnormal
Annotation Symbol
CG1616
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0015929
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
DNA helicase (3.6.4.12)
DNA 3'-5' helicase (5.6.2.4)
Gene Summary
Acts as a component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation. Essential role in mitotic DNA replication but not in endoreplication. (UniProt, Q26454)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Mcm4, DmMCM4, l(2)43Ca

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
43C6-43C7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-56
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:7496702..7500145
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
contributes_to 3'-5' DNA helicase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Moyer et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001208, InterPro:IPR008047, InterPro:IPR031327
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA binding
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001208, InterPro:IPR008047, InterPro:IPR031327
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA helicase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008047
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables single-stranded DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179711
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
contributes_to single-stranded DNA helicase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179711
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pflumm and Botchan, 2001)
involved_in mitotic spindle organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pflumm and Botchan, 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA replication initiation
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008047
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR018525
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
traceable author statement
(Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003)
involved_in DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179968
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in double-strand break repair via break-induced replication
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179968
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in mitotic DNA replication initiation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179968
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CMG complex
inferred from direct assay
(Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
part_of MCM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Costa et al., 2011, Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of MCM complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008047
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000179711
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the MCM family. (Q26454)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
DNA helicase activity
ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (3.6.4.12)
3'-5' DNA helicase activity
Couples ATP hydrolysis with the unwinding of duplex DNA by translocating in the 3'-5' direction (5.6.2.4)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
MCM2-7 COMPLEX -
The heterohexameric MCM2-7 complex is the helicase motor of the CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) replicative helicase of eukaryotes. The six MCM subunits are related to one another and are members of the AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) superfamily. Hydrolysis of ATP by the individual MCM subunits catalyses the conformational changes that drive unwinding of the DNA duplex. However, the eukaryotic MCM complex alone has no or little helicase activity, requiring the other components of the CMG complex (Cdc45 and the GINS complex) for activation. (Adapted from PMID:23412083.)
CMG COMPLEX -
The CMG (Cdc45-MCM-GINS) complex is the eukaryotic replicative helicase, the enzyme that unwinds double-stranded DNA at replication forks. It is a macromolecular assembly of three replication factors: the Cdc45 protein, and the MCM and GINS complexes. All three components are essential for CMG function, with the MCM2-7 complex functioning as the molecular motor that harnesses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to catalyse strand separation. (Adapted from PMID:23412083.)
MCM FAMILY HELICASES -
The MCM (minichromosome maintenance) family comprise DNA helicases sharing a common 'MCM domain'. MCM2-7 form a heterohexameric complex that is essential for initiation of DNA replication and also acts during elongation as the replicative helicase. MCM8 and MCM9 are not part of this complex - they have roles in replication elongation, meiotic recombination and DNA repair. MCM8 and 9 arose early during eukaryotic evolution, though one or both have been lost in multiple lineages: in mammals, MCM8 and MCM9 form a functional heterodimeric complex; D. melanogaster and related species possess MCM8 only; while other species (e.g. yeast, C. elegans) have neither. (Adapted from PMID:23412083, PMID:30743181 and FBrf0188222.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Acts as a component of the Mcm2-7 complex (Mcm complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the Mcm2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation. Essential role in mitotic DNA replication but not in endoreplication.
(UniProt, Q26454)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

Licensing factor - Zn finger motif - cdc21 homolog - MCM4 homolog - implicated in the initiation of DNA replication and in the discrimination between replicated and unreplicated chromatin

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\dpa for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q26454)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
dpa-RA
FBtr0088982
NM_057837
2803
866
dpa-RB
FBtr0345797
NM_001299231
3071
866
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.8 (northern blot)

(Feger et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
dpa-PA
FBpp0088055
96.6
866
7.57
Q26454
NP_477185
AAF59242
dpa-PB
FBpp0311783
96.6
866
7.57
Q26454
NP_001286160
AHN55958
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

866 aa isoforms: dpa-PA, dpa-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

866 (aa); 97 (kD predicted)

(Feger et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order Mcm2-Mcm6-Mcm4-Mcm7-Mcm3-Mcm5 (Probable).

(UniProt, Q26454)
Post Translational Modification

Phosphorylated by the catalytic component of the Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) complex Cdc7.

(UniProt, Q26454)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\dpa using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.04

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism | ubiquitous

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 1 -- 11
epidermis
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 10 -- 12
peripheral nervous system
(Feger et al., 1995)
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system | presumptive
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval lateral VNC glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral imaginal tissue

Comment: reported as ventral imaginal precursor specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral sensory complex anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 12 -- 17
embryonic/larval posterior midgut
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic/larval anterior midgut
(Feger et al., 1995)
Malpighian tubule
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
dorsal sensory complex proper primordium

Comment: reported as dorsal/lateral sensory complexes

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic Malpighian tubule
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval lymph gland
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
gonad
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval lateral VNC glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 17
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic brain
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 16 -- 17
gonad
(Feger et al., 1995)
embryonic stage 17
gonad

Comment: soma and germline

(Casper and Van Doren, 2009)
third instar larval stage
neuroblast
(Feger et al., 1995)
imaginal disc
(Feger et al., 1995)
adult optic lobe
(Feger et al., 1995)
eye-antennal disc
(Feger et al., 1995)
adult stage | female & oogenesis
germline cell
(Feger et al., 1995)
adult stage & oogenesis
oocyte
(Feger et al., 1995)
nurse cell
(Feger et al., 1995)
Additional Descriptive Data

dpa transcripts are detected in embryos from 0-12hrs with a peak in 6-9hr embryos and decline to very low levels thereafter. dpa is expressed in a pattern that closely resembles the pattern of DNA replication. There is expression in germline cells throughout oogenesis. The transcript accumulates in nurse cells late in oogenesis and then is transferred to the oocyte. The pattern of expression in embryos is very dynamic during gastrulation and germ band extension. Most tissues express the transcript at high levels but not all. Epidermal expression remains high until stage 11 at which point it is extinguished. Expression is then found mainly in the delaminated neuroblasts of the CNS and in the sensory organ precursors of the PNS while they are dividing. Expression in the brain continues until the end of embryogenesis. dpa is also expressed in endoreplicating tissues including the anterior and posterior midguts, hindgut, and Malpighian tubules. In late embryogenesis, expression is observed in the gonads. In third instar larvae, dpa expression is observed in imaginal tissues. In the eye disc, transcripts are found ahead of the morphogenetic furrow and in a tight band behind it but not in the furrow itself, coinciding with the first and second waves of proliferating cells. In the larval CNS, expression is evident in the optic lobes and in neuroblasts that are producing ganglion mother cells.

(Feger et al., 1995)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CMG complex
inferred from direct assay
(Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
part_of MCM complex
inferred from direct assay
(Costa et al., 2011, Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\dpa in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of dpa
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of dpa
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 43 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 43 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)cn-S5
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)del28
(Mermall et al., 2005)
Df(2R)Drlrv5
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv7
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv15
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv17
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv18
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv20
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv21
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv22
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv24
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv26
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv28
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv30
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)ED1673
(Kahsai and Cook, 2018)
Df(2R)Exel6052
(Kahsai and Cook, 2018, Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2R)NCX9
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)NCX11
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)R163
(Feger et al., 1995)
Df(2R)sple-D3
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)sple-N3
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
T(2;3)H36
(Feger et al., 1995)
Gene not disrupted in
Df(2R)cn-S6
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)cn-S8
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)cos-2
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)cos-3
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv3
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Drlrv25
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)DX1
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)DX14
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)EW60
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)H23
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)nap2
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)NCX5
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)NCX8
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)NCX10
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)Npk-rv2
(Roote and Ashburner, 2005.6)
Df(2R)pk-N5
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)pwn5
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)sple-D1
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)sple-D2
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)sple-J1
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Df(2R)sple-J2
(Heitzler et al., 1993)
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\MCM4
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\MCM2
4 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MCM5
3 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\MCM6
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MCM7
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MCM8
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MCM9
3 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\MCM3
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MCMDC2
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (9)
Rnor\Mcm4
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Mcm2
4 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm3
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm5
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm6
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm7
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm8
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mcm9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Mcmdc2
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Mcm4
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Mcm2
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm5
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm6
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm7
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm8
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mcm9
2 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (12)
Xtro\mcm4
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\mcm2
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm5
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm6.2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm6
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm7
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm8
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm9
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\zmcm3
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\gata4
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\hdlbp
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mcm3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (10)
Drer\mcm4
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\mcm2
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm3l
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm5
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm6
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm6l
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm8
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\mcm9
3 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\mcm7
2 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (6)
Cele\mcm-4
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\mcm-2
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\mcm-3
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\mcm-5
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\mcm-7
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\mcm-6
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (10)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004956
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004275
4 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001135
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001901
3 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002580
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002581
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004408
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005800
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\MCM6_ANOGA
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012691
2 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (8)
Atha\MCM4
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\MCM2
4 of 13
No
No
Atha\MCM3
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\MCM5
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\MCM6
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\MCM8
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\MCM9
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\PRL
3 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (6)
Scer\MCM4
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\MCM2
3 of 13
No
No
Scer\MCM3
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\MCM5
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\MCM6
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\MCM7
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (6)
Spom\mcm4
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\mcm2
3 of 12
No
No
Spom\mcm3
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\mcm5
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\mcm6
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\mcm7
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\yifB
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:dpa. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (7)
Mcm2
7 of 13
Mcm3
6 of 13
Mcm5
6 of 13
Mcm6
6 of 13
Mcm7
6 of 13
rec
6 of 13
mei-218
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    MCM4; minichromosome maintenance complex component 4
    14 of 14
    602638
    MCM2; minichromosome maintenance complex component 2
    4 of 14
    116945
    MCM5; minichromosome maintenance complex component 5
    3 of 14
    602696
     
    MCM6; minichromosome maintenance complex component 6
    3 of 14
    601806
    MCM7; minichromosome maintenance complex component 7
    3 of 14
    600592
        MCM8; minichromosome maintenance 8 homologous recombination repair factor
        3 of 14
        608187
        MCM9; minichromosome maintenance 9 homologous recombination repair factor
        3 of 14
        610098
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        dpa - Cdc45
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, mass spectrometry studies of complexes, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by silver staining, anti tag western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Ilves et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006, Loebel et al., 2000)
        dpa - Cdc7
        enzymatic study, autoradiography
        (Stephenson et al., 2015)
        dpa - Mcm2
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011)
        dpa - Mcm3
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Costa et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2011)
        dpa - Mcm5
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy, experimental knowledge based
        (Costa et al., 2011, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006, Loebel et al., 2000)
        dpa - Mcm6
        experimental knowledge based, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2011, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        dpa - Mcm7
        electron microscopy, cosedimentation, experimental knowledge based
        (Costa et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2011, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        dpa - Psf1
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011)
        dpa - Psf2
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        dpa - Psf3
        cosedimentation, electron microscopy, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        dpa - Sld5
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cosedimentation, electron microscopy
        (Costa et al., 2011, Moyer et al., 2006)
        dpa - lok
        enzymatic study, autoradiography, molecular weight estimation by silver staining
        (Ilves et al., 2012)
        dpa - p38b
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Belozerov et al., 2012)
        dpa - p38c
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Belozerov et al., 2012)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        ph-p
        enhanceable
        dpa
        (Faucheux et al., 2001)
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Component of the Mcm2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order Mcm2-Mcm6-Mcm4-Mcm7-Mcm3-Mcm5 (Probable).
        (UniProt, Q26454 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2R
        Recombination map
        2-56
        Cytogenetic map
        43C6-43C7
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        43C6-43C7
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}cosk16101 and P{EP}CG1600EP398
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        43C-43C
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Feger et al., 1995)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-56

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-56.6

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (9)
        Genomic Clones (14)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (68)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           

          polyclonal

          (Su et al., 1997)
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
              Other Comments

              The Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, CDC45L, Mcm2, Mcm3, Mcm5, Mcm6, Mcm7 and dpa proteins form the Cdc45/Mcm2-7/GINS (CMG) complex, a helicase required for the S phase transition in Kc cells.

              (Moyer et al., 2006)

              Candidate gene for tibia length quantitative trait locus.

              (Macdonald and Goldstein, 1999)

              dpa is misexpressed in the PNS of da mutant embryos.

              (Hassan and Vaessin, 1997)

              dpa is a member of a gene family with extensive sequence identity to the MCM (minichromosome maintenance) genes of S.cerevisiae.

              (Su et al., 1997)

              Physical interactions exist between three MCM proteins, dpa, Mcm2 and Mcm5. The three proteins reside predominantly in stable multi-protein complexes of about 600kD. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate there are at least two distinct 600kD complexes, one of which includes Mcm5 and the other dpa.

              (Su et al., 1996)

              dpa is required for the regulation of DNA replication in neuroblasts and for DNA replication in mitotically proliferating cells.

              (Feger et al., 1995)
              Relationship to Other Genes
              Source for database merge of
              Additional comments
              Nomenclature History
              Source for database identify of

              Source for identity of: dpa CG1616

              (Gabrielian, 1999.11)
              Nomenclature comments
              Etymology
              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
              Reported As
              Symbol Synonym
              43Ca
              (MacIver et al., 1998)
              CG1616
              (Çiçek et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2013, Christis and Munro, 2012, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5)
              DPA
              (Hua and Orr-Weaver, 2017)
              DmMCM4
              (Ohno et al., 1998, Su and O'Farrell, 1998, Su and O'Farrell, 1997, Su et al., 1997)
              DmMcm4
              (Loebel et al., 2000)
              DmeMCM4
              (Blanton et al., 2005)
              Dpa
              (Khalili et al., 2023, Yan et al., 2014, Su et al., 1996, Treisman et al., 1995)
              MCM4
              (Yheskel et al., 2023, Balasov et al., 2020, Bhargava et al., 2020, Bleichert et al., 2015, Crevel et al., 2011, Ilves et al., 2010, Moshkin et al., 2009, Hong et al., 2007, Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003, Claycomb et al., 2002, Gerbi and Bielinsky, 2002, Schwed et al., 2002, Crevel et al., 2001, Pflumm and Botchan, 2001, Feger, 1999, Royzman et al., 1999)
              MCM4_DROME
              (Storm and Sonnhammer, 2003)
              Mcm4
              (Rubio-Ferrera et al., 2022, Kose et al., 2020, Parker et al., 2019, Kohzaki, 2018, Kohzaki and Murakami, 2018, Kohzaki et al., 2018, Stephenson et al., 2015, Costa et al., 2014, Liang et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Costa et al., 2011, Maqbool et al., 2010, Moyer et al., 2006, Diffley, 2004, Tower, 2004, Cayirlioglu et al., 2003, Christensen and Tye, 2003, Pflumm, 2002)
              dpa
              (Urban et al., 2026, Barbaste et al., 2023, Nowaskie et al., 2023, Rubio-Ferrera et al., 2022, Ota et al., 2021, Yang, 2021, Williams et al., 2020, Vicente et al., 2018, Blumröder et al., 2016, Sanhueza et al., 2015, Liang et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Moshkin et al., 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Belozerov et al., 2012, Holderbaum et al., 2012.4.9, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Friedman et al., 2011, Casper and Van Doren, 2009, Dworkin et al., 2009, Doheny et al., 2008, Crevel et al., 2007, Li et al., 2007, Arbouzova and Zeidler, 2006, Foglietti et al., 2006, Wawersik et al., 2005, Cayirlioglu et al., 2003)
              l(2)43Ca
              (Roote, 1995.9.26)
              mcm4
              (Blumröder et al., 2016, Crevel et al., 2007)
              Name Synonyms
              Disc proliferation abnormal
              (Hua and Orr-Weaver, 2017)
              Drosophila proliferation abnormal
              (Bonafe et al., 2002)
              disc proliferation abnormal
              (Érdi et al., 2012, Casper and Van Doren, 2009, Casper and Van Doren, 2006)
              Secondary FlyBase IDs
              • FBgn0004127
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 59 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
              References (132)