FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Saf6
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Saf6
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
SAGA factor-like TAF6
Annotation Symbol
CG3883
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0031281
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
8 publicly available
Gene Summary
SAGA factor-like TAF6 (Saf6) encodes a component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) chromatin modifying complex. This complex is responsible for acetylation of histones and deubiquitination of the product of His2B at active promoters. The product of Saf6 replaces the product of mia within SAGA when the product of mia is restricted to the TFIID transcription complex. Notably, the product of Saf6 is essential for SAGA's co-activator function but does not impact either of its enzymatic activities. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
21E2-21E2
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-1.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:813314..815950
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Taf9; FB:FBgn0000617
(Weake et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
contributes_to RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000027265
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037796
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables transcription coactivator activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000027265
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Weake et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000027265
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037796
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2011)
part_of SAGA complex
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2011)
part_of SAGA-type complex
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of SAGA complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037796
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
part_of SLIK (SAGA-like) complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037796
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
part_of transcription factor TFIID complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000027265
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037796
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the TAF6 family. (Q9VPT4)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
SAGA factor-like TAF6 (Saf6) encodes a component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) chromatin modifying complex. This complex is responsible for acetylation of histones and deubiquitination of the product of His2B at active promoters. The product of Saf6 replaces the product of mia within SAGA when the product of mia is restricted to the TFIID transcription complex. Notably, the product of Saf6 is essential for SAGA's co-activator function but does not impact either of its enzymatic activities. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SAGA COMPLEX -
The Spt-Ada-Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex is a chromatin modifying complex. SAGA can acetylate and deubiquitinate histone residues. Also SAGA has been shown to regulate the transcriptional activation of a subset of genes. (Adapted from FBrf0228923, FBrf0219841 and FBrf0233349).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the transcription regulatory complex SAGA, a multiprotein complex that activates transcription by remodeling chromatin and mediating histone acetylation and deubiquitination (PubMed:20008933, PubMed:21764853, PubMed:24493646, PubMed:30559249). The SAGA complex predominantly acetylates histone H3 (PubMed:30559249). Involved in SAGA complex coactivator function but not essential for SAGA complex assembly, histone-modifying activity or chromosomal recruitment (PubMed:20008933). Required for oogenesis; involved in transcriptional activation (PubMed:34807910).
(UniProt, Q9VPT4)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

histone fold domain protein - component of histone acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex - required for SAGA coactivator function - responsible for acetylation of histones and deubiquitination of His2B at active promoters

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Saf6 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VPT4)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Saf6-RA
FBtr0078041
NM_134701
2416
717
Saf6-RB
FBtr0332974
NM_001272914
2407
714
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Saf6-PA
FBpp0077705
79.3
717
6.29
Q9VPT4
NP_608545
AAF51457
Saf6-PB
FBpp0305190
79.0
714
6.24
M9PC25
NP_001259843
AGB92380
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex consisting of wda/Taf5L, Saf6, Taf9, Taf10b, Taf12, Ada1, Spt3, Spt7, Spt20, Sf3b3, Sf3b5, Nipped-A/Tra1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module made up of Gcn5, Ada2b (Isoform B), Ada3 and Sgf29, and a deubiquitinase (DUB) module made up of not/nonstop, Sgf11 and e(y)2 tethered to SAGA by Atxn7; not essential for SAGA complex assembly, histone-modifying activity or chromosomal recruitment (PubMed:20008933, PubMed:21764853, PubMed:24493646, PubMed:30559249, PubMed:34807910). Interacts (via N-terminal histone-fold domain) with Taf9 (via N-terminal histone-fold domain); the interaction is probably direct (PubMed:20008933). Probably forms a histone-like heterooctamer structure with Taf9, Taf12 and Taf10b (Probable).

(UniProt, Q9VPT4)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Saf6 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.91

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2011)
part_of SAGA complex
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2011)
part_of SAGA-type complex
inferred from direct assay
(Weake et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Saf6 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 5 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Saf6
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Saf6
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\TAF6L
1 of 14
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Taf6l
1 of 14
Yes
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Taf6l
1 of 14
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\taf6l
1 of 13
Yes
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\taf6l
1 of 14
Yes
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008266
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\TAF6B
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\TAFII59
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\TAF6
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\taf6
1 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Saf6. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
mia
1 of 13
Taf6
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Saf6 - Ada1-2
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Ada2b
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2011, Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Ada3
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Atxn7
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Mohan et al., 2014, Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Gcn5
    anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Soffers et al., 2021, Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Nipped-A
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Sf3b3
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Stegeman et al., 2016)
    Saf6 - Sf3b5
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Stegeman et al., 2016)
    Saf6 - Sgf11
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Sgf29
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Spt20
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Stegeman et al., 2016, Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Spt3
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Stegeman et al., 2016, Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Spt7
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Taf10b
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Taf12
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - Taf9
    pull down, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - e(y)2
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - not
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Saf6 - wda
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Weake et al., 2009)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Component of the Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex consisting of wda/Taf5L, Saf6, Taf9, Taf10b, Taf12, Ada1, Spt3, Spt7, Spt20, Sf3b3, Sf3b5, Nipped-A/Tra1, a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) module made up of Gcn5, Ada2b (Isoform B), Ada3 and Sgf29, and a deubiquitinase (DUB) module made up of not/nonstop, Sgf11 and e(y)2 tethered to SAGA by Atxn7; not essential for SAGA complex assembly, histone-modifying activity or chromosomal recruitment (PubMed:20008933, PubMed:21764853, PubMed:24493646, PubMed:30559249, PubMed:34807910). Interacts (via N-terminal histone-fold domain) with Taf9 (via N-terminal histone-fold domain); the interaction is probably direct (PubMed:20008933). Probably forms a histone-like heterooctamer structure with Taf9, Taf12 and Taf10b (Probable).
    (UniProt, Q9VPT4 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-1.5
    Cytogenetic map
    21E2-21E2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    21E2-21E2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k09610k09610&P{lacW}Sk09538a and P{PZ}l(2)1068510685&P{lacW}Tango14k00619
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-1.5

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-0.7

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (8)
    Genomic Clones (13)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (27)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
        Other Comments
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Saf6 CG3883

        (Weake et al., 2009)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (24)