FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\P32
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\P32
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
P32
Annotation Symbol
CG6459
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0034259
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
P32 (P32) encodes an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein that functions in presynaptic calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release as well as chromatin metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

TAP, TAP/p32

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
54D4-54D4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-83
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:17671309..17672640
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables histone binding
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables C5-methylcytidine-containing RNA reader activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000088828
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q07021
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromatin remodeling
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
involved_in nucleosome assembly
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
involved_in sperm DNA decondensation
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in mitochondrial RNA catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q07021
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000088828
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014, Lutas et al., 2012)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrial matrix
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000088828
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in mitochondrial matrix
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q07021
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003428
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
P32 (P32) encodes an evolutionarily conserved mitochondrial protein that functions in presynaptic calcium signaling and neurotransmitter release as well as chromatin metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Summary (Interactive Fly)

multifunctional signaling protein involved in neurotransmitter release, a mitochondrial protein and a chromatin protein functioning as a protamine chaperone in nucleosome assembly during sperm chromatin remodeling

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\P32 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7JXC4)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
P32-RA
FBtr0086892
NM_137399
1154
263
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
P32-PA
FBpp0086051
29.0
263
4.73
Q7JXC4
NP_611243
AAF57817
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\P32 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.26

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscle cell

Comment: synapse

(Lutas et al., 2012)
neuromuscular junction
(Lutas et al., 2012)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
head
(Lutas et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

P32 protein is localized to mitochondria in dorsal longitudinal muscle synapses.

(Lutas et al., 2012)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014, Lutas et al., 2012)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Emelyanov et al., 2014)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\P32 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of P32
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of P32
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\C1QBP
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\C1qbp
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\C1qbp
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\c1qbp
6 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\itpr1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\c1qbp
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\cri-3
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003987
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)
Atha\AT1G15870
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G80720
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G39790
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G39795
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G55605
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G31930
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G02050
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G05990
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G41600
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT2G46190
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G32605
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\MAM33
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\SPBC776.07
2 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:P32. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    C1QBP; complement C1q binding protein
    13 of 14
    601269
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    P32
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (Lutas et al., 2012)
    P32 - CG13454
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    P32 - CG1532
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    P32 - Chchd2
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
    (Liu et al., 2020)
    P32 - His2A
    cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining
    (Emelyanov et al., 2014)
    P32 - His2B
    cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining
    (Emelyanov et al., 2014)
    P32 - His3
    cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining
    (Emelyanov et al., 2014)
    P32 - His4
    cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining
    (Emelyanov et al., 2014)
    P32 - Hsap\CHCHD2
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
    (Tio et al., 2024)
    P32 - Irk2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    P32 - Mst77F
    anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Emelyanov et al., 2023)
    P32 - Nle
    two hybrid
    (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
    P32 - ProtA
    pull down, anti tag western blot, enzymatic study, comigration in gel electrophoresis
    (Emelyanov and Fyodorov, 2016)
    P32 - ProtB
    pull down, anti tag western blot, enzymatic study, comigration in gel electrophoresis, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Emelyanov and Fyodorov, 2016, Emelyanov et al., 2014)
    P32 - YME1L
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
    (Liu et al., 2020)
    P32 - csw
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Friedman et al., 2011)
    P32 - dhd
    cosedimentation through density gradient, molecular weight estimation by staining, enzymatic study, comigration in gel electrophoresis, anti tag western blot
    (Emelyanov and Fyodorov, 2016)
    P32 - orb2
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, western blot
    (White-Grindley et al., 2014)
    P32 - p38c
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
    (Belozerov et al., 2012)
    P32 - sima
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Vinayagam et al., 2016)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    cac
    enhanceable
    P32
    (Lutas et al., 2012)
    Chchd2
    suppressible
    P32
    (Liu et al., 2020)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-83
    Cytogenetic map
    54D4-54D4
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    54D4-54D4
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(2)1050510505 and P{lacW}l(2)k07509k07509&P{EP}CG10934EP538
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-83

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-86.5

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (26)
    cDNA Clones (134)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Emelyanov et al., 2014, Lutas et al., 2012)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
      Other Comments

      dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene results in a change in cell proliferation.

      (Guertin et al., 2006)
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: P32 CG6459

      (Lutas et al., 2012)
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 34 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      References (73)