FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\alien
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\alien
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
alien
Annotation Symbol
CG9556
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0013746
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
alien (alien) encodes the subunit 2 of the COP9 signalosome, which plays a central role in the regulation of E3-cullin RING ubiquitin ligases. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

CSN2, COP9 complex homolog subunit 2, Dch2

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
29F7-29F7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-34
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:8993818..8997379
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables nuclear receptor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:EcR; FB:FBgn0000546
(Dressel et al., 1999)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN5; FB:FBgn0027053
(Freilich et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN7; FB:FBgn0028836
(Freilich et al., 1999)
enables transcription corepressor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Dressel et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in eclosion
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Freilich et al., 1999)
involved_in female germ-line stem cell population maintenance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pan et al., 2014)
involved_in germ cell development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Qian et al., 2015)
involved_in germarium-derived cystoblast division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pan et al., 2014)
involved_in male germ-line cyst encapsulation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Qian et al., 2015)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from direct assay
(Dressel et al., 1999)
involved_in protein stabilization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ullah et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in protein deneddylation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000073670
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P61201
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of COP9 signalosome
inferred from direct assay
(Freilich et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN5; FB:FBgn0027053
(Freilich et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN7; FB:FBgn0028836
(Freilich et al., 1999)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Freilich et al., 1999)
part_of repressor ecdysone receptor complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:EcR; FB:FBgn0000546
(Dressel et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of COP9 signalosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000073670
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the CSN2 family. (Q94899)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
alien (alien) encodes the subunit 2 of the COP9 signalosome, which plays a central role in the regulation of E3-cullin RING ubiquitin ligases. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
COP9 SIGNALOSOME -
The COP9 signalosome is an eight-subunit complex that is structurally and evolutionarily related to the 19S lid of the 26S proteasome. The COP9 signalosome plays a central role in the regulation of the E3-cullin RING ubiquitin ligases, deNEDDylating the cullin subunit via the isopeptidase activity of the CNS5 subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0225508 and FBrf0225509).
COP9 SIGNALOSOME COMPLEX - TESTIS-SPECIFIC VARIANT -
The COP9 signalosome is an eight-subunit complex that is structurally and evolutionarily related to the 19S lid of the 26S proteasome. The COP9 signalosome plays a central role in the regulation of the E3-cullin RING ubiquitin ligases, deNEDDylating the cullin subunit via the isopeptidase activity of the CNS5 subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0225508 and FBrf0225509).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the COP9 signalosome complex (CSN), a complex involved in various cellular and developmental processes. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin (Ubl) conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the cullin subunits of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, leading to decrease the Ubl ligase activity of SCF. The CSN complex plays an essential role in oogenesis and embryogenesis and is required for proper photoreceptor R cell differentiation and promote lamina glial cell migration or axon targeting. It also promotes Ubl-dependent degradation of cyclin E (CycE) during early oogenesis.
(UniProt, Q94899)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\alien for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q94899)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Antisense UTR: 3' UTR is antisense to CG17906 on opposite strand.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
alien-RA
FBtr0079780
NM_164843
1508
444
alien-RB
FBtr0079781
NM_078793
2321
444
alien-RD
FBtr0339550
NM_001273347
3172
444
alien-RE
FBtr0343095
NM_001298842
1574
444
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.486 (longest cDNA)

(Freilich et al., 1999)

1.4 (northern blot)

(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
alien-PA
FBpp0079381
51.5
444
5.28
Q94899
NP_723438
AAN10685
alien-PB
FBpp0089195
51.5
444
5.28
Q94899
NP_523517
AAF52736
alien-PD
FBpp0308633
51.5
444
5.28
Q94899
NP_001260276
AGB92812
alien-PE
FBpp0309805
51.5
444
5.28
Q94899
NP_001285771
AHN54285
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

444 aa isoforms: alien-PA, alien-PB, alien-PD, alien-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

444 (aa)

(Freilich et al., 1999)

360 (aa); 42 (kD predicted)

(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with Rpn6.

(UniProt, Q94899)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\alien using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.15

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
anterior endoderm anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
anterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior endoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

alien transcripts are detected in embryos on northern blots. The levels decrease dramatically during embryogenesis. High levels of alien transcripts are detected by in situ hybridization during oogenesis.

(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
embryonic/larval abdominal 1 intrasegmental apodeme 2 -- embryonic/larval abdominal 7 intrasegmental apodeme 2
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
apodeme of pharynx
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
embryonic/larval abdominal 1-2 intersegmental apodeme -- embryonic/larval abdominal 7-8 intersegmental apodeme
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
larval intersegmental apodeme
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
embryonic/larval abdominal 1 intrasegmental apodeme 1 -- embryonic/larval abdominal 7 intrasegmental apodeme 1
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
embryonic/larval intrasegmental apodeme
(Goubeaud et al., 1996)
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 16
muscle attachment site
(Schafer et al., 2007)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Dorus et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of COP9 signalosome
inferred from direct assay
(Freilich et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN5; FB:FBgn0027053
(Freilich et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CSN7; FB:FBgn0028836
(Freilich et al., 1999)
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Freilich et al., 1999)
part_of repressor ecdysone receptor complex
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:EcR; FB:FBgn0000546
(Dressel et al., 1999)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\alien in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 11-12
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of alien
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of alien
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel6021
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
partially lethal - majority die | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Ubi.PU
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
abnormal starvation stress response | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppl.PP
majority die during P-stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Ubi.PU
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
cyst cell of testis, with Scer\GAL4A3.eya
cyst cell of testis, with Scer\GAL4c784
cyst cell of testis, with Scer\GAL4NP1624
embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppl.PP
female germline stem cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.-FRT
ganglion mother cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
lipid droplet | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppl.PP
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
testis, with Scer\GAL4A3.eya
testis, with Scer\GAL4c784
testis, with Scer\GAL4NP1624
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (5)
Hsap\COPS2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\GPS1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMD6
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMD11
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PSMD13
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
Rnor\Cops2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Gps1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmd6
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmd11
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Psmd13
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Mmus\Cops2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Gps1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmd6
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmd11
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Psmd13
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\cops2
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\psmd11
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)
Drer\cops2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\gps1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmd6
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmd11a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmd11b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\psmd13
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (6)
Cele\csn-2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\csn-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rpn-6.1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rpn-6.2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rpn-7
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\rpn-9
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008598
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001440
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001651
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002061
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004953
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (8)
Atha\FUS12
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G12850
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT4G19006
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT4G24820
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G45620
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\ATS9
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\EMB2719
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\FUS6
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\RPN6
2 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\RPN7
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\RPN9
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (5)
Spom\csn2
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\csn1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\rpn6
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\rpn7
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\rpn9
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:alien. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
Rpn6
3 of 13
CSN1a
1 of 13
CSN1b
1 of 13
eIF3e
1 of 13
Rpn7
1 of 13
Rpn9
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    COPS2; COP9 signalosome subunit 2
    12 of 14
    604508
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        alien|mdy
        suppressible
        Rdh1
        (Zhao et al., 2022)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Component of the CSN complex, probably composed of CSN1b, alien/CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 and CSN8. Interacts with Rpn6.
        (UniProt, Q94899 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2L
        Recombination map
        2-34
        Cytogenetic map
        29F7-29F7
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        29F7-29F7
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k04003k04003 and P{PZ}tai01351
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        29F-30A
        (Paululat, 1996.5.8)
        29F-30A
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Goubeaud et al., 1996)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-34

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-29.6

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        2-

        (Paululat, 1996.5.8)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (7)
        Genomic Clones (16)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (59)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           

          polyclonal

          (Goubeaud et al., 1996)
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
              Other Comments

              S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

              (Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

              COP9 signalosome is essential for development.

              (Freilich et al., 1999)

              During embryogenesis alien is expressed exclusively in the muscle attachment sites (apodemes) of the somatic muscles in the head, thorax and abdominal segments as well as in the epidermal attachments of the pharynx.

              (Goubeaud et al., 1996)
              Relationship to Other Genes
              Source for database merge of

              Source for merge of: alien CH2

              (FlyBase, 1996-)

              Source for merge of: alien BcDNA:LD10463

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Additional comments

              FlyBase curator comment: the insertion in the "f04576" Exelixis line (PBac{WH}CG18661f04576) was originally assigned to the alien gene in FBrf0179797, resulting in the "alienf04576" (FBal0159508) allele. However, FBrf0184340 shows that the insertion is actually within CG18661.

              (Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, 2004.11.6)

              Source for merge of alien CH2 was sequence comparison ( date:000117 ).

              (FlyBase, 1996-)

              Source for merge of alien BcDNA:LD10463 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Nomenclature History
              Source for database identify of
              Nomenclature comments
              Etymology
              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 58 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
              References (90)