FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Pp2A-29B
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Pp2A-29B
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Protein phosphatase 2A at 29B
Annotation Symbol
CG17291
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0260439
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Protein phosphatase 2A at 29B (Pp2A-29B) encodes the structural A subunit of the trimeric PP2A phosphatase enzyme. It links the catalytic C subunit encoded by mts and a variable regulatory B family subunit, which directs the enzyme to distinct substrates. The roles of Pp2A-29B product include centriole duplication, chromosome segregation, autophagy, axonal transport, growth regulation, and active zone stabilization. [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

PP2A, PP2A-A, PP2A 29B, PR65

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-31
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:8366038..8370090
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (21 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VRR2
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (12 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in centrosome cycle
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in spindle assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in spindle assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000068664
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centriole
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in chromatin
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000068663
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit A family. (P36179)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Protein phosphatase 2A at 29B (Pp2A-29B) encodes the structural A subunit of the trimeric PP2A phosphatase enzyme. It links the catalytic C subunit encoded by mts and a variable regulatory B family subunit, which directs the enzyme to distinct substrates. The roles of Pp2A-29B product include centriole duplication, chromosome segregation, autophagy, axonal transport, growth regulation, and active zone stabilization. [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28]
Pathway (FlyBase)
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF INSULIN-LIKE RECEPTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Negative regulators of the Insulin-like Receptor signaling pathway suppress Insulin-like receptor (InR) activation or the activity of intracellular effectors. (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989).
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF HIPPO SIGNALING PATHWAY -
The Hippo signaling pathway is an intracellular kinase cascade in which hpo kinase in complex with sav, phosphorylates wts kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates yki transcriptional co-activator leading to its cytosolic retention. Negative regulators of the pathway promote the nuclear accumulation of yki, enhancing yki-mediated transcriptional regulation and the expression of genes that positively regulate tissue growth (Adapted from FBrf0224870).
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Negative regulators of hedgehog signaling down-regulate the pathway, resulting in the repression of transcription of hh-responsive genes.
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF TOLL-NF-kappaB SIGNALING PATHWAY -
In Drosophila, the canonical Toll signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of a spatzle ligand to Toll (Tl) or a Toll-like receptor leading to the nuclear localization of the NF-κB (dl or Dif) transcription factor. Positive regulators of Toll-NF-κB Signaling lead to the increased nuclear accumulation of the NF-κB proteins and regulated expression of target genes. (Adapted from FBrf0091014 and FBrf0223077).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
WRD-PROTEIN PHOSOPHATASE 2A COMPLEX -
wrd-PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase complex characterized by the presence of a wrd regulatory B' subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0232706.)
WDB-PROTEIN PHOSOPHATASE 2A COMPLEX -
wdb-PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase complex characterized by the presence of a wdb regulatory B' subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0232706.)
TWS-PROTEIN PHOSOPHATASE 2A COMPLEX -
tws-PP2A is a serine/threonine phosphatase complex characterized by the presence of a tws regulatory B subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0232706.)
STRIATIN-INTERACTING PHOSPHATASE AND KINASE COMPLEX -
Striatin interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK)/STRIPAK-like complexes contain a protein phosphatase type 2A (mts), a striatin (Cka) and other regulatory subunits. Kinases, such as GckIII, are often associated with the complex (FBrf0211636). The STRIPAK complex has a regulatory role in many signaling pathways and cellular processes. (Adapted from FBrf0223805).
INTEGRATOR-PP2A COMPLEX -
The Integrator-PP2A complex (INTAC) is a complex formed between the endonucleolytic integrator complex and a serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) module. The PP2A module is formed from a PP2A-A scaffold subunit and a PP2A-C catalytic subunit, but lacks the PP2A-B regulatory subunit characteristic of canonical PP2A complexes. INTAC inhibits promoter-proximal pause release of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) by the dephosphorylation of a number of targets including the C-terminal domain of Pol II. (Adapted from PMID:36180603.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
The PR65 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit (By similarity). Key mediator of a quality checkpoint during transcription elongation as part of the Integrator-PP2A (INTAC) complex (PubMed:32966759). The INTAC complex drives premature transcription termination of transcripts that are unfavorably configured for transcriptional elongation: within the INTAC complex, acts as a scaffolding subunit for mts/PP2A, which catalyzes dephosphorylation of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II subunit POLR2A/RPB1 and Spt5, thereby preventing transcriptional elongation (PubMed:32966759).
(UniProt, P36179)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Pp2A-29B for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P36179)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0005088
2411
591
FBtr0100533
2342
591
FBtr0100535
2355
591
FBtr0306102
2588
650
FBtr0339789
2757
650
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

7.5, 5.5, 2.8 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

591 (aa); 65 (kD predicted)

Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

PP2A exists in several trimeric forms, all of which consist of a core composed of a catalytic subunit associated with a 65 kDa regulatory subunit (PR65) (subunit A) (By similarity). The core complex associates with a third, variable subunit (subunit B), which confers distinct properties to the holoenzyme (By similarity). Interacts with the inorganic phosphate transporter PXo (CG10483) (PubMed:37138087). Component of the Integrator-PP2A (INTAC) complex, composed of the Integrator core complex and protein phosphatase 2A subunits mts/PP2A and Pp2A-29B (PubMed:32966759, PubMed:37995689, PubMed:39032490).

(UniProt, P36179)
Domain

Each HEAT repeat appears to consist of two alpha helices joined by a hydrophilic region, the intrarepeat loop. The repeat units may be arranged laterally to form a rod-like structure.

(UniProt, P36179)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Pp2A-29B using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.90

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centriole
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in chromatin
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Pp2A-29B in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Pp2A-29B
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Pp2A-29B
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (7)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (7)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Pp2A-29B. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    PP2A exists in several trimeric forms, all of which consist of a core composed of a catalytic subunit associated with a 65 kDa regulatory subunit (PR65) (subunit A) (By similarity). The core complex associates with a third, variable subunit (subunit B), which confers distinct properties to the holoenzyme (By similarity). Interacts with the inorganic phosphate transporter PXo (CG10483) (PubMed:37138087). Component of the Integrator-PP2A (INTAC) complex, composed of the Integrator core complex and protein phosphatase 2A subunits mts/PP2A and Pp2A-29B (PubMed:32966759, PubMed:37995689, PubMed:39032490).
    (UniProt, P36179 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-31
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    29B2-29B2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP646EP646&P{lacW}RpS13k09614 and P{lacW}l(2)k12914k12914&P{lacW}Akap200k07118a
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    29B1-29B2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (16)
    Genomic Clones (15)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (245)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Pp2A-29B is required for efficient recruitment of pericentriolar material.

          RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes defects in the formation of monastral bipolar spindles when assayed in S2 cells. This phenotype can be observed when the screen is performed with or without Cdc27 dsRNA.

          S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

          dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene is tested in an RNAi screen for effects on actin-based lamella formation.

          No distinct cDNA has been detected for CSN8, but a sequence putatively encoding CSN8 is found in the 5' untranslated region of the Pp2A-29B gene.

          Pp2A-29B has been molecularly cloned and developmental expression patterns examined.

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Pp2A-29B CG17291

          Additional comments

          The symbol "CG13383" has been used erroneously in FlyBase to name 2 adjacent annotations in different releases of the genome annotation. The two annotations represent the CSN8 and Pp2A-29B genes. In release 2 of the genome annotation, the "CG13383" annotation corresponded to the CSN8 open reading frame (ORF), and the annotation corresponding to Pp2A-29B was labelled "CG17291". In release 3.1 of the genome annotation, the "CG13383" annotation corresponded to the Pp2A-29B open reading frame (ORF). In release 3.2 of the genome annotation, the two genes were annotated as part of a dicistronic transcript represented by the "CG33297" annotation. In release 5.1 of the genome annotation, the two genes were annotated as monocistronic transcripts, as there was no longer sufficient evidence to support a processed dicistronic transcript, with the annotation representing the Pp2A-29B gene being labelled "CG17291" and the annotation representing the CSN8 gene being labelled "CG13383". Since the "CG13383" symbol has been used for two different annotations, the annotation for the CSN8 gene has been renamed to "CG42522" in release 5.13 of the genome annotation to avoid confusion.

          RT-PCR analysis of CSN8 and Pp2A-29B transcription provides no evidence that a dicistronic transcript containing both open reading frames is produced. Thus it is concluded that CSN8 is transcribed independently of Pp2A-29B and that a dicistronic transcript is unlikely or is present at undetectable levels.

          CSN8 and Pp2A-29B were annotated as being non-overlapping open reading frames derived from a processed dicistronic transcript in release 3.2 of the genome based on the LD10247 cDNA. However, this clone appears to be problematic and there is no longer sufficient evidence to support a processed dicistronic transcript, thus CSN8 and Pp2A-29B have been annotated as genes encoded by monocistronic transcripts in release 5.1 of the genome annotation.

          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (28)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          PP2A at 29B
          Name Synonyms
          65 kDa regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase
          PP2A 65kD subunit A
          Protein phosphatase 2A at 29B
          protein phosphatase 2A
          protein phosphatase 2A at 29B
          protein phosphate 2A
          regulatory subunit A of type 2A protein phosphatase
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0032028
          • FBgn0053297
          • FBtr0079644
          • FBpp0079260
          • FBtr0079645
          • FBpp0079261
          • FBtr0079647
          • FBpp0079263
          • FBgn0005776
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 92 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Cell Signaling Technology - Commercial vendor for primary antibodies and antibody conjugates.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (175)