FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\app

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\app

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

approximated

Annotation Symbol

CG42318

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0260941

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

20 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

protein S-acyltransferase (2.3.1.225)

Gene Summary

approximated (app) encodes a palmitoyltransferase involved in planar cell polarity. It regulates Fat signaling and the localization and activity of the product of dachs. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

69A2-69A4

Sequence location

3L:12,206,238..12,266,841 [-]

Recombination map

3-38

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:12206238..12266841

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables palmitoyltransferase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001594, InterPro:IPR039859

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000525256

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000004236

(Bannan et al., 2008)

Biological Process (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in establishment of body hair or bristle planar orientation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

involved_in establishment of imaginal disc-derived wing hair orientation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

involved_in pattern specification process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Held et al., 1986)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in protein targeting to membrane

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000525256

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in apical cortex

inferred from direct assay

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

located_in endoplasmic reticulum

inferred from direct assay

(Bannan et al., 2008)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000525256

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

is_active_in Golgi apparatus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000525256

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

PALMITOYLTRANSFERASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the DHHC palmitoyltransferase family. ERF2/ZDHHC9 subfamily. (A2VEY9)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

protein-cysteine S-palmitoyltransferase activity

L-cysteinyl-[protein] + hexadecanoyl-CoA = S-hexadecanoyl-L-cysteinyl- [protein] + CoA (2.3.1.225)

RHEA 36683:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

PALMITOYLTRANSFERASES -: Palmitoyltransferases catalyze the post-translational addition of a palmitate moiety to a cysteine residue through a covalent thioester bond. (Adapted from FBrf0210485).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Palmitoylates Dlish which is required for the apical cell cortex localization, total cellular level and full activity of dachs.

(UniProt, A2VEY9)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

app: approximated

Crossveins close together; veins diverge at greater angle than wild type; effect visible in prepupal wing [Waddington, 1940, J. Genet. 41: 75-139 (fig.)]. Legs short with four-jointed tarsi; the penultimate joint characteristically swollen [Waddington, 1939, Growth Suppl. 37-44 (fig.)]. Joint between second and third tarsal segments often incomplete; invaginations or internalization of cuticle seen in tarsi 1, 3, and 4 (Held, Duarte, and Derakhshanian, 1986, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 145-57). Thickset body. Posterior scutellars farther apart than normal. Eyes smaller and flatter than normal, also bumpy. Spread wings; thickened veins. RK1.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

DHHC family protein, responsible for the palmitoylation of selected cytoplasmic proteins - acts by controlling the normal subcellular localization and activity of Dachs in the Fat signaling pathway

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\app for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry A2VEY9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.41

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Alternative translation stop created by use of multiphasic reading frames within coding region.

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

app-RH

FBtr0301052

NM_001144466

2889

398

app-RI

FBtr0301053

NM_001144467

2867

398

app-RJ

FBtr0301054

NM_206343

6652

755

app-RK

FBtr0301055

NM_140304

6630

755

app-RL

FBtr0301056

NM_001144464

4559

693

app-RM

FBtr0301057

NM_001144465

4537

693

app-RO

FBtr0304661

NM_001259803

4422

382

app-RR

FBtr0334102

NM_001259802

4156

693

app-RS

FBtr0334103

NM_001259804

2679

476

app-RT

FBtr0339925

NM_001300114

4505

693

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

app-PH

FBpp0290274

43.9

398

8.00

FBpp0290275

43.9

398

8.00

FBpp0290276

82.3

755

8.93

FBpp0290277

82.3

755

8.93

FBpp0290278

75.0

693

6.50

FBpp0290279

75.0

693

6.50

FBpp0293203

42.2

382

8.26

FBpp0306224

75.0

693

6.50

FBpp0306225

50.5

476

5.23

FBpp0308957

75.0

693

6.50

A2VEY9

NP_001287043

AHN58068

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

693 aa isoforms: app-PL, app-PM, app-PR, app-PT

398 aa isoforms: app-PH, app-PI

755 aa isoforms: app-PJ, app-PK

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Dlish (via N-terminus including SH3 domain 1); this leads to palmitoylation of Dlish by app. Interacts with ft; this is likely to interfere with the interaction between app and Dlish, reducing the ability of app to palmitoylate Dlish and tether it to the apical cell cortex.

(UniProt, A2VEY9)

Domain

The DHHC domain is required for palmitoyltransferase activity.

(UniProt, A2VEY9)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\app using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.00

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

larval somatic muscle cell

(Bannan et al., 2008)

embryonic/larval gut

(Bannan et al., 2008)

endoderm

(Bannan et al., 2008)

mesoderm

(Bannan et al., 2008)

embryonic somatic muscle cell

(Bannan et al., 2008)

embryonic stage 1 -- 5

organism

(Bannan et al., 2008)

embryonic stage 5

organism

(Bannan et al., 2008)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in apical cortex

inferred from direct assay

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

located_in endoplasmic reticulum

inferred from direct assay

(Bannan et al., 2008)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\app in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\app

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\app

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0260941

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39399/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0260941

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0259218

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0260941

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG17144

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0260941

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 32 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of app

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of app

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 14 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 14 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(3L)TP32

(Bishop et al., 1999)

Df(3L)vin6

(Hoogwerf et al., 1988, Akam et al., 1978)

Df(3L)vin7

(Hoogwerf et al., 1988)

Df(3L)vin9

(Hoogwerf et al., 1988)

Gene not disrupted in

Inferred from location ( 3 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

partially lethal - majority die | recessive

app^e6

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

app^GD9293

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

app^GD9293

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

app^GD9293

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal behavior | recessive

app^s

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PU

app^UAS.Tag:Myc

abnormal locomotor behavior

app^s

abnormal planar polarity

app^e6

abnormal planar polarity, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

app^RNAi.UAS.cMa

abnormal planar polarity (with Df(3L)BK9)

app¹

abnormal planar polarity (with Df(3L)ED4475)

app^e6

hypoplasia | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^hh.PU

app^UAS.cUa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

app^RNAi.UAS.cMa

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^hh.PU

app^UAS.cUa

visible | recessive

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

adult abdomen (with Df(3L)ED4475)

app^e6

coxa

app^s

crossvein

eye

femur

app^s

leg

app¹

mesothoracic coxa

app²

metathoracic coxa

app²

posterior scutellar bristle

prothoracic coxa

app²

scutellum

app²

tarsal segment

tibia

app^s

wing

wing, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

app^RNAi.UAS.cMa

wing hair

app^e6

wing hair, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

app^RNAi.UAS.cMa

wing hair (with Df(3L)BK9)

app¹

wing hair (with Df(3L)ED4475)

app^e6

wing posterior compartment, with Scer\GAL4^hh.PU

app^UAS.cUa

wing vein

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (26)

Hsap\ZDHHC14

11 of 14

Yes

Hsap\ZDHHC18

9 of 14

Yes

Hsap\ZDHHC9

8 of 14

Yes

Hsap\ZDHHC5

4 of 14

Hsap\ZDHHC8

4 of 14

Hsap\ZDHHC19

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (24)

Rnor\Zdhhc14

11 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Zdhhc9

9 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Zdhhc18

8 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Zdhhc5

4 of 14

Rnor\Zdhhc8

4 of 14

Rnor\Zdhhc19

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (24)

Mmus\Zdhhc14

11 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Zdhhc9

9 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Zdhhc18

9 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Zdhhc8

4 of 14

Mmus\Zdhhc5

3 of 14

Mmus\Zdhhc19

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (19)

Xtro\zdhhc14

8 of 13

Yes

Xtro\zdhhc9

7 of 13

Yes

3 of 13

3 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (34)

Drer\zdhhc14

10 of 14

Yes

Drer\zdhhc18a

8 of 14

Yes

Drer\zdhhc18b

8 of 14

Yes

Drer\pigv

7 of 14

Drer\zdhhc9

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\zdhhc5b

4 of 14

Drer\zdhhc8b

4 of 14

Drer\zdhhc5a

3 of 14

Drer\si:ch211-223a10.1

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (15)

Cele\dhhc-2

11 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

3 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (12)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005111

7 of 12

Yes

3 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (24)

Atha\AT3G26935

11 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G41060

11 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G24630

10 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G50020

10 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G40990

9 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G48760

9 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G56920

9 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G56930

9 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G05070

9 of 13

Yes

3 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (7)

Scer\ERF2

8 of 13

Yes

Scer\SWF1

3 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (5)

Spom\erf2

6 of 12

Yes

Spom\akr1

3 of 12

Spom\swf1

3 of 12

Yes

Spom\pfa3

2 of 12

Spom\pfa5

1 of 12

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:app. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (22)

6 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

ZDHHC9; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 9

model of syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Raymond type

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

ZDHHC14; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 14

11 of 14

619295

ZDHHC18; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 18

9 of 14

620963

ZDHHC9; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 9

8 of 14

300646

INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER, X-LINKED, SYNDROMIC, RAYMOND TYPE; MRXSR

syndromic X-linked intellectual disability Raymond type

ZDHHC5; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 5

4 of 14

614586

ZDHHC8; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 8

4 of 14

608784

ZDHHC19; zDHHC palmitoyltransferase 19

3 of 14

618671

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

app - Dlish

pull down, western blot, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Matakatsu and Fehon, 2024, Zhang et al., 2016)

app - dachs

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Matakatsu et al., 2017)

app - ds

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author

(Matakatsu and Fehon, 2024)

app - ft

colocalization, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Matakatsu and Fehon, 2024, Matakatsu et al., 2017)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

app

suppressible

dachs

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Dlish

enhanceable

app

(Zhang et al., 2016)

suppressible

app

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

ft|ds

suppressible

app

(Matakatsu and Fehon, 2024)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

(UniProt, A2VEY9 )

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0260941

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39399

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Hippo signaling pathway - fly

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

RAS processing

Class of Gene

gene

gene_with_edited_transcript

(Rodriguez et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011)

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-38

Cytogenetic map

69A2-69A4

Sequence location

3L:12,206,238..12,266,841 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

69A2-69A4

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)05088⁰⁵⁰⁸⁸ and P{PZ}l(3)06924⁰⁶⁹²⁴

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

69A3-69A4

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Giorgi et al., 1995)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-38

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-31.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-37.5

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (20)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

3801

app^61e

24066

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}app^MB03425

35280

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.GL00181}attP2

37150

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}app^MI02337

56406

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}app^MI11129

57932

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}app^MI12348

21130

y¹ w^67c23; P{EPgy2}app^EY15390

25532

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}app^MB06918/TM6C, Sb¹

17144R-1

v100476

v106488

v32863

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD9293}v32863

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (47)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (46)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

MIP33421

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0260941

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0260941

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

New stable cell line derived from S2R+ : Stable cell lines co-expressing Snap25 (wildtype or P125A mutant) in combination with either Hip14, app, or Patsas.
(Porcellato et al., 2022)

Other Comments

New annotation (CR32097) in release 3 of the genome annotation.

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

Candidate gene for tibia length quantitative trait locus.

(Macdonald and Goldstein, 1999)

Mutation analysis suggests app is involved in pattern formation of the wings, legs and thorax.

(Giorgi et al., 1995)

Mutant alleles have abnormal legs, with reduction of tarsal segments (at least). The wings are reduced in size with the crossveins closer together than in the wild-type. Body size is normally reduced. These phenotypes appear to be due to abnormal apoptosis.

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: CG17144 CG5620

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2008)

Source for merge of: app CG42318

(Matakatsu and Blair, 2008)

Source for merge of: CG5620 CR32097

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2004)

Additional comments

Annotations CG17144 and CG5620 merged as CG42318 in release 5.9 of the genome annotation.

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2008)

Annotations CG5620 and CR32097 merged as a single annotation (CG5620) in release 3.2 of the genome annotation.

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2004)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

APP

(Harvey and Hariharan, 2012)

App

(Porcellato et al., 2022, Fulford and McNeill, 2020, Sharma et al., 2020, Misra and Irvine, 2019, Richardson and Portela, 2017, Irvine and Harvey, 2015, Vlisidou and Wood, 2015, Yu and Guan, 2013, Liu et al., 2012, Halder and Johnson, 2011, Zhao et al., 2011)

CG17144

(Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Matakatsu and Blair, 2008, Qin et al., 2005)

CG42318

(Deng et al., 2023, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, FlyBase Curators, 2008-, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2008)

CG5620

(Porcellato et al., 2022, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ogura et al., 2009, Bannan et al., 2008, Matakatsu and Blair, 2008, Philipps et al., 2004)

CR32097

Name Synonyms

Approximated

(Harvey and Hariharan, 2012, Singh and Mlodzik, 2012, Bao et al., 2011, Halder and Johnson, 2011)

CG17144

CG42318

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2008)

CG5620

approximated

(Branco et al., 2017, Harvey et al., 2013, Yu and Guan, 2013, Gilbert et al., 2011, Robinson et al., 2010, Matakatsu and Blair, 2008, Matakatsu and Blair, 2008, Matakatsu and Blair, 2007)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0000107
FBgn0036267
FBgn0036268
FBgn0259218

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 66 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

39399

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

A2VEY9

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

A2VEY9

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

A2VEY9

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0260941

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39399/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0260941

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0260941

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG42318

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

39399

Linkouts

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0260941

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0260941

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0260941

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0259218

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0260941

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG17144

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0260941

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC014595

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Hippo signaling pathway - fly

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39399

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

RAS processing

References (94)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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