FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\CecA1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\CecA1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Cecropin A1
Annotation Symbol
CG1365
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000276
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
2 publicly available
Gene Summary
Cecropin A1 (CecA1) encodes an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is expressed in the fat body during the systemic immune response and in various epithelia, and it is regulated at the transcriptional level, mostly by the immune deficiency pathway. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Cecropin, CecA, Cec, Cecropin A, cecropinA

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
99E2-99E2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-100
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:30210874..30211273
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (10 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from direct assay
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
inferred from expression pattern
(Lemaitre et al., 1997, Kylsten et al., 1990)
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from direct assay
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
inferred from expression pattern
(Lemaitre et al., 1997)
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
inferred from direct assay
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
involved_in defense response to insect
inferred from expression pattern
(Tattikota et al., 2020)
involved_in defense response to virus
(Carboni et al., 2022)
involved_in humoral immune response
inferred from expression pattern
(Verleyen et al., 2006)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Levy et al., 2004)
involved_in response to Gram-negative bacterium
(Carboni et al., 2022)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000875, InterPro:IPR020400
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002212115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002212115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002212115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000875, InterPro:IPR020400
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002212115
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the cecropin family. (C0HKQ7)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Cecropin A1 (CecA1) encodes an antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is expressed in the fat body during the systemic immune response and in various epithelia, and it is regulated at the transcriptional level, mostly by the immune deficiency pathway. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CECROPINS -
Cecropins are small, amphiphilic peptides with antibacterial activity. (Adapted from FBrf0241672.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Cecropins have lytic and antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11266367, PubMed:2390977). Functions in the imd/NF-kappa-B (Imd) epithelial and humoral immune response to Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:11266367).
(UniProt, C0HKQ7)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Cec: Cecropin
Three structural genes for three very similar cecropin proteins (cecropin A1, A2, and B), bacteriacidal proteins that are induced in adults in response to bacterial infection. All three cecropin genes are coordinately induced by injection of bacteria, although the B gene is expressed at a much lower level. Levels appreciable within one hour, peak at 6 hours and have generally returned to base line by 24 hours. Cecropins also induced by ingested bacteria.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\CecA1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry C0HKQ7)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
CecA1-RA
FBtr0085612
NM_079849
339
63
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

0.4 (northern blot)

(Kylsten et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
CecA1-PA
FBpp0084977
6.8
63
10.84
P14954
NP_524588
AAF57025
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

63 (aa)

(Kylsten et al., 1990)
Comments

Small CecA1-derived peptides identified by nano LC-MS/MS: pQAANVAATAR-amide, GIAQQAANVAATAR-amide, DATIQGLGIAQQAANVAATAR-amide.

(Verleyen et al., 2006)
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\CecA1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.22

Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval hemocyte
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
pupal stage
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
adult stage
adult fat body
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data

Cecropin mRNAs are induced after injection of a bacterial suspension into adult abdomens. They can also be induced by feeding flies bacteria-containing food.

(Kylsten et al., 1990)

CecA1 transcripts are only detected in untreated animals in small amounts in early pupae and adults. Transcripts are strongly induced by bacteria. CecA expression is stronger in fat body than CecB but they are at comparable levels in hemocytes.

(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval hemolymph

Comment: infected with M. luteus and E. coli

peptides: GIAQQAANVAATAR

(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from direct assay
(Samakovlis et al., 1990)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\CecA1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of CecA1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of CecA1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3R)ΔCecA-C
(Carboni et al., 2022)
Df(3R)R113
(Clark and Wang, 1997)
Inferred from location ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal body color, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult posterior midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\CECA_ANOGA
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\CEC4
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\CECC_ANOGA
4 of 12
No
Yes
Agam\CECB_ANOGA
3 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:CecA1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
CecB
7 of 13
CecC
7 of 13
CecA2
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Dredd
    suppressible
    CecA1
    (Ryu et al., 2006)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-100
    Cytogenetic map
    99E2-99E2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    99E2-99E2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}ncd05884 and P{lacW}l(3)s2500s2500
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-100

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-97.8

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (2)
    Genomic Clones (18)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (44)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

                (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

                The conserved upstream region of CecA1 that contains the R1, κB and GATA motifs is necessary for fat body-specific and LPS-inducible expression of CecA1 in vivo and in transfected cells.

                (Roos et al., 1998)

                Deletion analysis reveals the GATA site is necessary for CecA1 expression. Cotransfection analysis demonstrates Dif required an intact GATA site for maximal transactivation of the CecA1 gene.

                (Kadalayil et al., 1997)

                Ecol\lacZDpt.PR adults are pricked with a sterile needle dipped in culture pellets of various living microorganisms (distinct bacterial strains, fungal spores or hyphae). Pricking results in a low but clearly detectable expression of all antimicrobial genes and these genes are induced above the background level by specific classes of microorganism.

                (Lemaitre et al., 1997)

                Antibacterial genes are not induced in L.boulardi resistant strains of Drosophila suggesting they cannot be involved directly in the antiparasitoid response.

                (Coustau et al., 1996)

                Rel can activate transcription from the CecA1 promoter of a CecA1-Ecol\lacZ reporter construct.

                (Dushay et al., 1996)

                The κB motifs of Dpt and CecA1 are not functionally equivalent. Mutants carrying no copies of dl and a single copy of Dif retain their full capacity to express the Dpt and CecA1 genes in response to bacterial challenge.

                (Gross et al., 1996)

                Genes encoding antibacterial peptides are regulated in a manner distinct from that of Drs, encoding the antifungal peptide. The Cecropins require the spz-cact regulatory cassette for expression at the adult stage.

                (Lemaitre et al., 1996)

                Transcription is not strongly induced by hymenopteran parasitoids.

                (Nicolas et al., 1996)

                The Dif gene product is a sequence specific transcription factor which trans-activates the CecA1 gene in cotransfection assays. Transactivation requires a 40bp upstream element including an insect κΒ-like motif. dl can also activate the CecA1 promoter, but to a lesser extent and in a less sequence-specific manner than Dif. The dl product exerts a dominant negative effect on Dif transactivation of CecA1.

                (Petersen et al., 1995)

                The -760bp region of CecA1 confers inducible and tissue-specific expression. A functional and evolutionary relationship between insect immune response factors and mammalian NF-κB exists.

                (Engstrom et al., 1993)

                The product of the Dif gene binds to κB like sequence motifs present in promoter regions of the immunity gene, CecA1.

                (Ip et al., 1993)

                One of four structural genes, CecA1, CecA2, CecB and CecC, for very similar cecropin proteins, bacteriocidal proteins that are induced in adults in response to bacterial infection. All cecropin genes are coordinately induced by injection (or ingestion) of bacteria, although CecB is expressed at a much lower level.

                (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

                Cell line from l(2)mbn strain responds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and bacterial flagellin by strong transcriptional response of CecA1 and CecB.

                (Samakovlis et al., 1992)

                The Cec gene region contains three genes: CecA1, CecA2 and CecB. Cecropins are antibacterial peptides: transcripts appear within one hour after bacteria has been injected in to the haemocoel.

                (Kylsten et al., 1990)

                "CecA" genes are much more active than CecB genes in the fat body. "CecA" genes are most active in larvae and adults.

                (Samakovlis et al., 1990)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of
                Additional comments
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: CecA1 CG1365

                (Ye, 1999.11)
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (32)
                Reported As
                Symbol Synonym
                CEC
                (McGettigan et al., 2005, Christophides et al., 2002, Tzou et al., 2000)
                CG1365
                (Yadav and Eleftherianos, 2019, Dantoft et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2012, Marcu et al., 2011, Gendrin et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Heger and Ponting, 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Levy et al., 2004, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001)
                Cec
                (Delventhal et al., 2022, Cabasso et al., 2021, Cabasso et al., 2019, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Haller et al., 2014, Ryu et al., 2008, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Ren et al., 2007, Zambon et al., 2005, Ryu et al., 2004, Gottar et al., 2002, Engstrom et al., 2001)
                Cec A1
                (An et al., 2012, Ryu et al., 2006, Ryu et al., 2004, Lindmark et al., 2001)
                Cec-A1
                (Qush et al., 2025, Hauling et al., 2014)
                CecA
                (Forfar et al., 2025, Arias-Rojas et al., 2023, Zhou et al., 2021, Belmonte et al., 2019, Singh and Tapadia, 2019, Li et al., 2018, McClelland et al., 2017, Lim et al., 2015, Durdevic et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2012, Gendrin et al., 2009, Hedengren-Olcott et al., 2004, Rabel et al., 2004, Werner et al., 2003, Boulanger et al., 2001, Ekengren and Hultmark, 2001, Ekengren et al., 2001, Lu et al., 2001, Dushay et al., 2000, Braun et al., 1998, Nicolas et al., 1998, Williams et al., 1997, Lemaitre et al., 1996)
                CecA1
                (Akyaw et al., 2025, Bayar et al., 2025, Duan et al., 2025, Hirata et al., 2025, Kang et al., 2025, Lee et al., 2025, Rommelaere et al., 2025, Sheng et al., 2025, Wang et al., 2025, Wu et al., 2025, Zheng et al., 2025, Darby et al., 2024, Fioriti et al., 2024, Huang et al., 2024, Hu et al., 2024, Liang et al., 2024, Nigg et al., 2024, Polunina et al., 2024, Salminen et al., 2024, Vesala et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Yao et al., 2024, Zhou et al., 2024, Bossen et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2023, Heigwer et al., 2023, Keith, 2023, Muita and Baxter, 2023, Touré et al., 2023, Carboni et al., 2022, Deshpande et al., 2022, Ding et al., 2022, Eickelberg et al., 2022, Hua et al., 2022, Kharrat et al., 2022, Shrivastava et al., 2022, Takeuchi et al., 2022, Vaibhvi et al., 2022, Wu and Yan, 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Ahmed-Braimah et al., 2021, Cattenoz et al., 2021, Cheng et al., 2021, Girard et al., 2021, Kanoh et al., 2021, Tang et al., 2021, Yamashita et al., 2021, Cai et al., 2020, Cho et al., 2020, Geigges et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Harsh et al., 2020, Krautz et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Baenas and Wagner, 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Houtz et al., 2019, Kano and Yagi, 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Maitra et al., 2019, Moskalev et al., 2019, Si et al., 2019, Štětina et al., 2019, Tang and Engström, 2019, Troha and Buchon, 2019, Bachtel et al., 2018, Badinloo et al., 2018, de Toeuf et al., 2018, Hemphill et al., 2018, Schretter et al., 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Bozler et al., 2017, Loch et al., 2017, Mohorianu et al., 2017, Unckless and Lazzaro, 2016, Lim et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Donlea et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Temme et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Zhu et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Dantoft et al., 2013, Favrin et al., 2013, Jennings, 2013, Kockmann et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Yagi et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Esfahani and Engström, 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Huang et al., 2010, Junell et al., 2010, Lauwers et al., 2009, Plunkett et al., 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Wei et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Spresser et al., 2008, Heger and Ponting, 2007, Junell et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Sackton et al., 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Leulier et al., 2006, Shin et al., 2005, Thoetkiattikul et al., 2005, Uvell and Engstrom, 2003, Bhaskar et al., 2002, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001, Tingvall et al., 2001, Ramos-Onsins and Aguade, 1998)
                CecA2
                (Deshpande et al., 2022)
                Ceca1
                (Chavez et al., 2015)
                Cecropin A1
                (Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021, Iwashita et al., 2020, Sekihara et al., 2016)
                DIM 25
                (Levy et al., 2004)
                ce-A1
                (Li et al., 2018)
                cec
                (Abdelsadik and Roeder, 2010, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Georgel et al., 2001, Comeron and Kreitman, 2000, Corbo and Levine, 1996, Gross et al., 1996)
                cec A
                (Suh et al., 2020)
                cecA
                (Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Fedorka et al., 2007, Leulier et al., 2000)
                cecA1
                (Snee et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2020, Parvy et al., 2019, Helfer et al., 2012, Cairrao et al., 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Wu et al., 2001, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20)
                cecropin
                (Sharma et al., 2021)
                crpA1
                (Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009)
                Name Synonyms
                Cecropin
                (Chen et al., 2024, Feng et al., 2024, Rai and Bergmann, 2024, Delventhal et al., 2022, Yu et al., 2022, Marra et al., 2021, Akbar et al., 2016, Pragya et al., 2015, Zhan et al., 2015, Haller et al., 2014, Oh et al., 2013, Vonkavaara et al., 2013, Akbar et al., 2011, Chtarbanova and Imler, 2011, Moule et al., 2010, Costa et al., 2009, Aggarwal et al., 2008, Ryu et al., 2008, Verleyen et al., 2006, Brennan and Anderson, 2004, Steiner, 2004, Uvell and Engstrom, 2003, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Pletcher et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Wiklund et al., 2002, Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001, Barillas-Mury et al., 2000, Bernal and Kimbrell, 2000, Martin-Blanco, 2000, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Silverman et al., 2000, Govind, 1999, Han et al., 1998, Mathey-Prevot and Perrimon, 1998, Roos et al., 1997)
                Cecropin A
                (Tsap et al., 2024, Suh et al., 2020, Kaynar et al., 2016, Lim et al., 2015, Gendrin et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2007, Shin et al., 2005, Hedengren-Olcott et al., 2002, Tzou et al., 2002, Tingvall et al., 2001, Vidal et al., 2001)
                Cecropin A1
                (Nguyen et al., 2024, Zhu et al., 2024, Takeuchi et al., 2022, Schoberleitner et al., 2021, Li et al., 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Ji et al., 2019, Sanchez Bosch et al., 2019, Wang et al., 2019, Li et al., 2017, Xiong et al., 2016, Castillo et al., 2015, Goto et al., 2014, Ji et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Clark et al., 2013, Longworth et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Mulcahy et al., 2011, Ragab et al., 2011, Schmidt et al., 2011, Wong et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Huang et al., 2010, Lemos et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Carpenter et al., 2009, Lauwers et al., 2009, Wei et al., 2009, Wiklund et al., 2009, Flatt et al., 2008, Rollmann et al., 2008, Sibley et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Huh et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2006, Tanji et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Chen et al., 2002, Date-Ito et al., 2002)
                Cecropin-A
                (Tsai et al., 2008, Luo et al., 2001)
                Cecropin-A1
                (Toubarro et al., 2025, Eleftherianos and Sachar, 2020, Yadav and Eleftherianos, 2019, Shokal and Eleftherianos, 2017, Bonnay et al., 2014, Leulier et al., 2006)
                Cecropin-A1/A2 precursor
                (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
                CecropinA
                (Singh and Tapadia, 2022, Iwashita et al., 2020, Gendrin et al., 2009, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007)
                CecropinA1
                (Chen et al., 2022, Shaposhnikov et al., 2020, Garschall and Flatt, 2018, Arefin et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2014, Zhou et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Esfahani and Engström, 2011, Tanji et al., 2010, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Tanji et al., 2007)
                Cecropins
                (Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2021)
                cecropin
                (Wang et al., 2011, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Copley et al., 2007, Persson et al., 2007, Delaney et al., 2006, Xylourgidis et al., 2006, Zelinger and Heifetz, 2006, Zhou et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Ryu et al., 2004, Silverman et al., 2003, Christophides et al., 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2002, Ooi et al., 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2001, Ando et al., 1999, Hoffmann et al., 1999, Meng et al., 1999, Hoffmann, 1997, Martin-Blanco, 1997)
                cecropin A
                (Bakalov et al., 2020, Barretto et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2012, Anbutsu and Fukatsu, 2010, Fedorka et al., 2007, Boulanger et al., 2002, Meister et al., 2000, Lowenberger et al., 1999, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
                cecropin A1
                (Nunes et al., 2021, Zhu et al., 2021, Badinloo et al., 2018, Hamilton et al., 2015, Temme et al., 2014, Lemaitre et al., 2012, Overend et al., 2012, Okado et al., 2009, Plunkett et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Malagoli et al., 2008, Malagoli et al., 2007, Kurz and Ewbank, 2003, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27, Date, 1998.1.27)
                cecropin-A
                (Ratnaparkhi and Courey, 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008)
                cecropin-A1
                (Hastings et al., 2023, Bonnay et al., 2014)
                cecropinA
                (Dubey and Tapadia, 2018, Verma and Tapadia, 2015, Verma and Tapadia, 2014, Verma and Tapadia, 2012)
                cecropinA1
                (Kounatidis et al., 2017, Fernando et al., 2014, Marcu et al., 2011, Hallem et al., 2007)
                Secondary FlyBase IDs
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
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                  Project
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                  Result
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                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 77 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                  Linkouts
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                  References (483)