FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Sting
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Sting
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Sting
Annotation Symbol
CG1667
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0033453
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
Facilitator of innate immune signaling that binds cyclic dinucleotides produced in response to infection by bacteria and/or viruses, and promotes the activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factor Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29924997, PubMed:29934091, PubMed:30119996, PubMed:33262294, PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Recognizes and binds cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a cyclic dinucleotide messenger produced by bacteria such as L.monocytogenes, leading to activation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (IMD) signaling pathway and activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29924997). Innate immune response is triggered in response to double-stranded RNA from viruses delivered to the cytoplasm: Sting acts by specifically binding cyclic dinucleotides 3',2'-cGAMP and 2',3'-cGAMP produced by cGlr1 and cGlr2 in response to RNA virus in the cytosol (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Has a strong preference for 3',2'-cGAMP compared to other cyclic dinucleotides such as 2',3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-c-di-GMP (PubMed:34261127). Upon binding to 3',2'-cGAMP, activates an antiviral immune response, leading to the activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Activated in brain in response to Zika virus infection, leading to autophagy (PubMed:29934091). (UniProt, A0A0B4LFY9)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

dSTING

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
46B4-46B4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-61
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9842686..9845512
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding
inferred from direct assay
(Cai et al., 2020)
enables 3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding
inferred from direct assay
(Slavik et al., 2021)
enables cyclic-di-GMP binding
inferred from direct assay
(Martin et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables 2',3'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables 3',2'-cyclic GMP-AMP binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P0DV10
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables cyclic-di-GMP binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR033952
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (14 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Guzman et al., 2024)
involved_in antiviral innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wang et al., 2024, Segrist et al., 2021, Cai et al., 2020)
involved_in cellular response to virus
inferred from direct assay
(Cai et al., 2023)
involved_in cGAS/STING signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Holleufer et al., 2021, Segrist et al., 2021, Slavik et al., 2021, Cai et al., 2020, Goto et al., 2018, Martin et al., 2018)
inferred from direct assay
(Wang et al., 2024, Cai et al., 2023)
involved_in defense response to bacterium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Martin et al., 2018)
involved_in defense response to virus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Slavik et al., 2021, Goto et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2018)
inferred from direct assay
(Holleufer et al., 2021, Cai et al., 2020)
involved_in positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Martin et al., 2018)
involved_in positive regulation of macroautophagy
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2018)
involved_in response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Guzman et al., 2024)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in activation of innate immune response
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR029158
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in autophagosome assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in innate immune response
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in positive regulation of macroautophagy
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in positive regulation of type I interferon production
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR029158
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in reticulophagy
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Goto et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in autophagosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN005046674
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the STING family. (A0A0B4LFY9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Pathway (FlyBase)
CGAS-STING SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is an anti-viral pattern recognition pathway. In Drosophila, cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthases are activated by viral infection, cGAMP is in turn detected by STING ultimately resulting in the activation the NF-κB-like factor Rel and its translocation into the nucleus to activate the transcription of anti-viral genes. (Adapted from FBrf0252868.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Facilitator of innate immune signaling that binds cyclic dinucleotides produced in response to infection by bacteria and/or viruses, and promotes the activation of the NF-kappa-B transcription factor Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29924997, PubMed:29934091, PubMed:30119996, PubMed:33262294, PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Recognizes and binds cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), a cyclic dinucleotide messenger produced by bacteria such as L.monocytogenes, leading to activation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (IMD) signaling pathway and activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:29924997). Innate immune response is triggered in response to double-stranded RNA from viruses delivered to the cytoplasm: Sting acts by specifically binding cyclic dinucleotides 3',2'-cGAMP and 2',3'-cGAMP produced by cGlr1 and cGlr2 in response to RNA virus in the cytosol (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Has a strong preference for 3',2'-cGAMP compared to other cyclic dinucleotides such as 2',3'-cGAMP or 3'3'-c-di-GMP (PubMed:34261127). Upon binding to 3',2'-cGAMP, activates an antiviral immune response, leading to the activation of Rel (Relish) (PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). Activated in brain in response to Zika virus infection, leading to autophagy (PubMed:29934091).
(UniProt, A0A0B4LFY9)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

sensor of cyclic dinucleotides - innate immune response, viral and bacterial immunity, immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, flies with STING deletion are sensitive to starvation and oxidative stress, have reduced lipid storage and downregulated expression of lipid metabolism genes

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Sting for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A0A0B4LFY9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Sting-RB
FBtr0345019
NM_001299327
1361
343
Sting-RC
FBtr0345020
NM_136681
1576
343
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Sting-PB
FBpp0311270
40.2
343
9.13
A0A0B4LFY9
NP_001286256
AHN56054
Sting-PC
FBpp0311271
40.2
343
9.13
A0A0B4LFY9
NP_610525
AAF58891
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

343 aa isoforms: Sting-PB, Sting-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Sting using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.77

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Goto et al., 2018)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Sting in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Sting
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Sting
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(2R)Orc635
(Balasov et al., 2009)
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)BSC133
(Martin et al., 2018)
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
partially lethal - majority die
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal feeding behavior
abnormal immune response
abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4Hml.PG
abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4yolk
abnormal immune response | adult stage
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
abnormal immune response | adult stage | conditional
abnormal immune response | adult stage | recessive
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
abnormal sleep | adult stage
abnormal starvation stress response
decreased body weight
decreased sleep | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
decreased sleep | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
increased mortality | adult stage | conditional, with Scer\GAL4yolk
increased mortality | conditional
short lived | conditional
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
autophagosome | adult stage | conditional
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\STING1
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Sting1
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Sting1
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\sting1
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\sting1
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Sting. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    StingΔRG5
    ameliorates  Parkinson's disease 2
    modeled by park25
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    modeled by park1
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    ameliorates  Parkinson's disease 6
    modeled by Pink1B9
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    modeled by Pink15
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    STING1; stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1
    7 of 14
    612374
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Mterf4
    suppressible
    Sting
    (Shan et al., 2024)
    park
    suppressible
    Sting
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    park
    enhanceable
    Sting
    (Lee et al., 2020)
    Pink1
    suppressible
    Sting
    (Moehlman et al., 2023)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-61
    Cytogenetic map
    46B4-46B4
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    46B4-46B4
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k05420k05420 and P{lacW}l(2)k07803k07803&P{lacW}l(2)k08816k08816
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-61

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-60.0

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (7)
    Genomic Clones (16)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (28)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Goto et al., 2018, Martin et al., 2018)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          CG1667 appears to have no effect on viability.

          (Balasov et al., 2009)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: Sting CG1667

          (Martin et al., 2018)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology

          Named 'Sting' after the human ortholog.

          (Martin et al., 2018)
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 43 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          References (74)