FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Panx
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Panx
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Panoramix
Annotation Symbol
CG9754
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0034617
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
4 publicly available
Gene Summary
Panoramix (Panx) encodes a nuclear protein with an essential role in piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing, interacting directly or indirectly with the product of piwi. It is required for fertility. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Silencio

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
57D11-57D11
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-94
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:21310368..21312354
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables piRNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Sienski et al., 2015)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9V3H8,UniProtKB:Q9VKM1,UniProtKB:Q9VV73
(Batki et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9V3H8,UniProtKB:Q9VV73
(Fabry et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VV73
(Fabry et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in transposable element silencing by heterochromatin formation
inferred from direct assay
(Sienski et al., 2015)
involved_in transposable element silencing by piRNA-mediated heterochromatin formation
inferred from direct assay
(Fabry et al., 2019)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Andreev et al., 2022, Eastwood et al., 2021, Schnabl et al., 2021, Sienski et al., 2015, Yu et al., 2015)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhao et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Eastwood et al., 2021)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Batki et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019)
inferred from direct assay
(Sienski et al., 2015, Handler et al., 2013)
part_of RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex
(Eastwood et al., 2021)
part_of transcription repressor complex
inferred from direct assay
(Fabry et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Panoramix (Panx) encodes a nuclear protein with an essential role in piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing, interacting directly or indirectly with the product of piwi. It is required for fertility. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    PANORAMIX-INDUCED CO-TRANSCRIPTIONAL SILENCING COMPLEX -
    The Panoramix-induced co-transcriptional silencing (PICTS) complex is a nuclear complex required for the formation of heterochromatin in piRNA-mediated silencing of transposable elements. (Adapted from FBrf0248008.)
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Acts via the piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). Required for transcriptional silencing of transposons targeted by piwi and confers its effects by interacting with nascent RNA transcripts (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711). Likely to be recruited to nascent transcripts cotranscriptionally by piwi and to recruit additional factors involved in transcriptional silencing (PubMed:26472911). In the ovaries, forms a complex with nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 which acts as effectors of cotranscriptional transposon silencing (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). The interaction with nxf2 stabilizes the nuclear protein complex (PubMed:31384064).
    (UniProt, Q9W2H9)
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    chromatin factor - transposon repression - positive regulation of methylation-dependent chromatin silencing - piRNA-guided transcriptional silencing - piRNA binding - forms a protein complex with Nxf2 and Nxt1/p15 that provides the key molecular connection between Piwi, the nascent target RNA, and the cellular heterochromatin machinery

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    1
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Panx for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9W2H9)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.42

    Gene model reviewed during 5.51

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Panx-RA
    FBtr0071615
    NM_137732
    1987
    541
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Panx-PA
    FBpp0071541
    61.1
    541
    6.41
    Q9W2H9
    NP_611576
    AAF46712
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

    In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced cotranscriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). Interacts (via NIR region) with nxf2 (via TAP-C domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835).

    (UniProt, Q9W2H9)
    Domain

    N-terminal region is necessary and sufficient to enforce silencing of an artificial reporter gene.

    (UniProt, Q9W2H9)
    Crossreferences
    PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Panx using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.28

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 1 -- 3
    organism

    Comment: maternally deposited

    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    embryonic stage 4 -- 6
    organism
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    is_active_in nucleus
    inferred from direct assay
    (Eastwood et al., 2021)
    located_in nucleus
    inferred from direct assay
    (Batki et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019)
    inferred from direct assay
    (Sienski et al., 2015, Handler et al., 2013)
    part_of RNA polymerase II transcription repressor complex
    (Eastwood et al., 2021)
    part_of transcription repressor complex
    inferred from direct assay
    (Fabry et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Panx in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 24 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Panx
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Panx
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(2R)Exel6074
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Df(2R)Exel6075
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Inferred from location ( 3 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Panx. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      Panx
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot, molecular sieving, light scattering, molecular weight estimation by staining
      (Eastwood et al., 2021, Schnabl et al., 2021)
      Panx - CG42724
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
      (Rhee et al., 2014)
      Panx - Nxt1
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, three hybrid, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, chromatography technology
      (Schnabl et al., 2021, Batki et al., 2019, Fabry et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019)
      Panx - Su(var)2-10
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
      (Ninova et al., 2020)
      Panx - Sumo
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, pull down, anti tag western blot, western blot, covalent binding
      (Ninova et al., 2023, Andreev et al., 2022)
      Panx - Tlk
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      Panx - arx
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Murano et al., 2019)
      Panx - cmet
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      Panx - ctp
      anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag western blot, isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, molecular sieving, light scattering, molecular weight estimation by staining, western blot, x-ray crystallography
      (Eastwood et al., 2021, Schnabl et al., 2021)
      Panx - dup
      experimental knowledge based
      (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      Panx - lwr
      enzymatic study, western blot, anti tag western blot
      (Andreev et al., 2022)
      Panx - mael
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Murano et al., 2019)
      Panx - nxf2
      coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, cross-linking study, x-ray crystallography, three hybrid, chromatography technology, molecular weight estimation by staining, two hybrid, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, pull down, anti tag western blot, molecular sieving, experimental knowledge based
      (Schnabl et al., 2021, Batki et al., 2019, Fabry et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Zhao et al., 2019, Guruharsha et al., 2011)
      Panx - piwi
      coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
      (Onishi et al., 2020, Batki et al., 2019, Fabry et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Sienski et al., 2015, Yu et al., 2015)
      Panx - sov
      pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti tag western blot, isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, x-ray crystallography
      (Andreev et al., 2022)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      In the ovaries, part of a complex composed of at least Panx, nxf2, piwi and Nxt1 (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). The complex is knowns as Panx-induced cotranscriptional silencing (PICTS) complex, Panx-nxf2-dependent TAP/p15 silencing (Pandas complex), SFiNX (silencing factor interacting nuclear export variant) or piwi-Panx-nxf2-p15 (PPNP) complex (PubMed:26472911, PubMed:26494711, PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835). Interacts (via NIR region) with nxf2 (via TAP-C domain); the interaction is direct (PubMed:31219034, PubMed:31368590, PubMed:31384064, PubMed:31570835).
      (UniProt, Q9W2H9 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-94
      Cytogenetic map
      57D11-57D11
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      57D11-57D11
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG4266EP2258 and P{EP}CG30394EP962&P{lacW}domk08108
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-94

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-101.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (4)
      Genomic Clones (12)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (48)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        monoclonal

        (Batki et al., 2019, Murano et al., 2019, Sienski et al., 2015)

        polyclonal

        (Zhao et al., 2019, Sienski et al., 2015)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           

          • New stable cell line derived from OSC : OSC cells with ctp and egg N-terminally tagged with GFP,Tag:FLAG and Panx C-terminally tagged with GFP,Tag:FLAG at their endogenous loci were created.

            (Schnabl et al., 2021)

          • New stable cell line derived from OSC : Several stable cell lines were created in OSC cells. The lines are OSC with dPcf11-halo, OSC with Ubi-TurboID-Myc-Panx, OSC with Ubi-TurboID-Myc-Spt5, and OSC with Ubi-TurboID- Myc-YFP.

            (Liu et al., 2025)
          Other Comments
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: Panx CG9754

          (Yu et al., 2015)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology

          Named 'Silencio' because of its role in transcriptional silencing.

          (Sienski et al., 2015)

          Named "Panoramix" after the mentor who empowers the French comic book character Asterix to perform his feats of strength (and the 'Asterix' protein functions with 'Panoramix' in the repression of transposon transcription).

          (Yu et al., 2015)
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (65)