FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\spz5
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\spz5
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
spatzle 5
Annotation Symbol
CG9972
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0035379
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Summary
spatzle 5 (spz5) encodes one of the paralogs of spz. It is a ligand for Toll-6 and kek6. Together, they can promote neuron survival, axonal and dendritic growth and branching, and structural plasticity of synapses. Alterations in spz5 levels influence behaviour in larvae and adult flies, including in locomotion and long-term memory. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-20] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

DNT2, Spz-5, NT2

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
63A1-63A1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-5
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:2883641..2892166
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables growth factor activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhu et al., 2008)
enables receptor ligand activity
inferred from direct assay
(Chowdhury et al., 2019, Nonaka et al., 2018)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:kek6; FB:FBgn0039862
(Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
enables Toll binding
inferred from direct assay
(Chowdhury et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables growth factor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002354018
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables Toll binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002354018
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in central nervous system formation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhu et al., 2008)
involved_in innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nonaka et al., 2018)
involved_in motor neuron axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhu et al., 2008)
involved_in negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:NT1; FB:FBgn0261526
(Zhu et al., 2008)
involved_in positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nonaka et al., 2018)
involved_in regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity in response to neurotrophin
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhu et al., 2008)
involved_in regulation of synaptic plasticity
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:kek6; FB:FBgn0039862
(Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
involved_in Toll signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Chowdhury et al., 2019, Nonaka et al., 2018)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Myd88; FB:FBgn0033402,FLYBASE:Tl; FB:FBgn0262473
(Nonaka et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in central nervous system formation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002354018
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in innate immune response
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002354018
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Chowdhury et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular region
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002354018
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
spatzle 5 (spz5) encodes one of the paralogs of spz. It is a ligand for Toll-6 and kek6. Together, they can promote neuron survival, axonal and dendritic growth and branching, and structural plasticity of synapses. Alterations in spz5 levels influence behaviour in larvae and adult flies, including in locomotion and long-term memory. [Date last reviewed: 2025-03-20]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
SPATZLES -
The spatzles are a family of secreted proteins that share a neutrotrophin-like cystine-knot domain. Proteolytically activated, spz binds Tl and activates canonical Toll signaling in embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning and innate immunity. spz, spz5 and NT1 are more closely related to each other and to the vertebrate neurotrophins than other members of the spatzle family and some family members have neutrophin-like activity. (Adpated from FBrf0206302).
Pathway (FlyBase)
TOLL-NF-kappaB SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
In Drosophila, the canonical Toll signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of a spatzle ligand to Toll (Tl) or a Toll-like receptor leading to the nuclear localization of the NF-κB (dl or Dif) transcription factor. (Adapted from FBrf0091014 and FBrf0223077).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Neurotrophin which may function as a ligand for the Toll-related receptors Toll-6 and Toll-7 (PubMed:23892553). Binds to Toll-7 and Toll-6, and probably acts as their ligands in the promotion of motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS) (PubMed:19018662, PubMed:23892553). Involved in synaptic targeting of ISNb/d motorneurons and also some SNa motorneurons (PubMed:19018662). May be involved in the normal development of specific neurons at the neuromuscular junction (PubMed:24124519).
(UniProt, Q9VZX1)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

neurotrophin - a ligand for the Toll-related receptors - acts as Toll-6 and Toll-7 ligands in the promotion of motor axon targeting and neuronal survival in CNS - involved in synaptic targeting in the development of specific neurons at the neuromuscular junction - secreted from fat body to facilitates the elimination of scrib clones by binding to Toll-6

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\spz5 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VZX1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
spz5-RA
FBtr0073011
NM_139496
1996
387
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
spz5-PA
FBpp0072881
42.8
387
7.79
Q9VZX1
NP_647753
AAF47694
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer; disulfide-linked.

(UniProt, Q9VZX1)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\spz5 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.42

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Chowdhury et al., 2019)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\spz5 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 13 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of spz5
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of spz5
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)Exel6092
(Zhu et al., 2008, Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(3L)spz5AW18
(Ward et al., 2015)
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(3L)spz537
(Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
abnormal neuroanatomy (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
abnormal size | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
decreased cell death | embryonic stage 17, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
increased cell death (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult dopaminergic neuron | decreased number (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
axon | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
larval intersegmental nerve branch ISNb of A1-7 (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
larval intersegmental nerve branch ISNd of A1-7 (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
larval segmental nerve branch SNa of A1-7 (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
neuromuscular junction | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU
neuromuscular junction | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
neuromuscular junction | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
presynaptic active zone | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU
presynaptic active zone | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
presynaptic active zone | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
terminal bouton | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.PU
type I bouton | larval stage (with Df(3L)Exel6092)
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\SPZ5
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\SPZ1
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:spz5. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
spz
2 of 13
NT1
1 of 13
spz3
1 of 13
spz4
1 of 13
spz6
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    spz5e03444
    ameliorates  nervous system disease
    modeled by AtpαCJ10
    (Talsma et al., 2014)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    spz5|kek6
    suppressible
    CaMKII
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5
    suppressible
    CaMKII
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    kek2
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    kek3
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    kek5
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    kek6
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5
    suppressible
    kek6
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5
    enhanceable
    NT1
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    spz|spz5
    enhanceable
    NT1
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    NT1|spz5
    enhanceable
    spz
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    spz5
    enhanceable
    spz|NT1
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    Tl
    (McIlroy et al., 2013)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    Toll-6
    (McIlroy et al., 2013)
    spz5|NT1
    suppressible
    Toll-7
    (McIlroy et al., 2013)
    spz5
    suppressible
    Vap33
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|kek6
    enhanceable
    Vap33
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    spz5|kek6
    suppressible
    Vap33
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    kek6
    enhanceable
    spz5
    (Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017)
    NT1
    enhanceable
    spz5
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    NT1
    enhanceable
    spz5|spz
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    spz
    enhanceable
    spz5|NT1
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    spz
    enhanceable
    spz5
    (Nonaka et al., 2018)
    spz|NT1
    enhanceable
    spz5
    (Zhu et al., 2008)
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Homodimer; disulfide-linked.
    (UniProt, Q9VZX1 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-5
    Cytogenetic map
    63A1-63A1
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    63A1-63A1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Spn06911 and P{PZ}l(3)0680306803
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-5

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-5.9

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (11)
    Genomic Clones (30)
    cDNA Clones (4)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (McIlroy et al., 2013)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            spz5 maintains neuronal survival in the embryonic CNS.

            (Zhu et al., 2008)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: spz5 CG9972

            (Parker et al., 2001)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG9972
            (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Park et al., 2014, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Xu et al., 2011, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Wang and Zhu, 2009, Zhu et al., 2008, Grieder et al., 2007, Parker et al., 2001)
            CT28115
            (Parker et al., 2001)
            DNT-2
            (Sun et al., 2024)
            DNT2
            (Serebrovska et al., 2025, Sun et al., 2024, Destalminil-Letourneau et al., 2021, Anthoney et al., 2018, Foldi et al., 2017, Ulian-Benitez et al., 2017, Ward et al., 2015, McIlroy et al., 2013, Sutcliffe et al., 2013, Hidalgo et al., 2011, Zhu et al., 2008)
            NT2
            (McIlroy et al., 2013, Zhu et al., 2008)
            Spz-5
            (Zhang et al., 2024, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Ward et al., 2015)
            Spz5
            (Dillard et al., 2025, Nelson et al., 2025, Li et al., 2024, Kong et al., 2022, Anthoney et al., 2018, Wu et al., 2015, Wang and Zhu, 2009, Parker et al., 2001)
            spz-5
            (Arora and Ligoxygakis, 2020)
            spz5
            (Kong et al., 2025, Balakireva et al., 2024, Boulanger and Dura, 2022, Fabre et al., 2022, Watanabe and Riddle, 2021, Asri et al., 2019, Huynh et al., 2019, Mishra-Gorur et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Huynh et al., 2018, Aw et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Ou et al., 2016, Neyen and Lemaitre, 2015, Luck et al., 2014, Chow et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, McIlroy et al., 2013, Zhu et al., 2008)
            Name Synonyms
            CG9972
            Neurotrophin 2
            (Neyen and Lemaitre, 2015)
            Spatzle-5
            (Khan et al., 2023)
            spatzle 5
            spatzle5
            (Destalminil-Letourneau et al., 2021, Ou et al., 2016)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              References (77)