FB2026_02 , released June 18, 2026
Allele: Dmel\InRE19
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\InRE19
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0094021
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\InR
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
dinrE19
Key Links
Allele class
Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class
Mutagen
ethyl methanesulfonate
(Chen et al., 1996)
Progenitor genotype
Cytology
Description

Mutant lesion does not appear to be in the known InR coding region.

(Tatar et al., 2001)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
       
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class

      abnormal cell number | dominant | first instar larval stage

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      abnormal cell number | first instar larval stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      abnormal cell size | dominant | prepupal stage

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      abnormal cell size | prepupal stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      abnormal developmental rate (with InR05545)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      abnormal developmental rate | recessive

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      abnormal developmental rate | third instar larval stage | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      abnormal pain response | larval stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Wang et al., 2023)

      abnormal size | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      abnormal stress response

      (Vigne et al., 2009)

      decreased body size (with InR93Dj-1)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      decreased body size (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Clancy et al., 2001, Tatar et al., 2001)

      decreased body size (with InR05545)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      decreased body size | adult stage (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      decreased body size | adult stage (with InRsP1)

      (Neuman and Bashirullah, 2018)

      decreased body size | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      decreased body size | recessive

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001, Tatar et al., 2001)

      decreased body size | somatic clone

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      decreased body weight | pupal stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Kapali et al., 2022)

      decreased cell number

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      decreased cell number (with InR339), with Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4

      (Yang et al., 2013)

      decreased cell number | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      decreased cell number | oogenesis (with InR339)

      (Su et al., 2018)

      decreased cell size

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      decreased cell size | cell autonomous | somatic clone

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      decreased occurrence of cell division | adult stage (with InR05545)

      (Biteau et al., 2010)

      decreased occurrence of cell division | germline clone | oogenesis

      (LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005)

      female sterile (with InR93Dj-1)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      female sterile (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      female sterile (with InR05545)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      female sterile | recessive

      (Tatar et al., 2001, Chen et al., 1996)

      increased rate of adult locomotory behavior (with InR3T5)

      (Álvarez-Rendón and Riesgo-Escovar, 2023)

      lethal | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      lethal | recessive

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      long lived

      (Ruzzi et al., 2020)

      long lived (with InR211)

      (Wessells et al., 2004)

      long lived (with InR05545)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      male semi-sterile

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      male semi-sterile (with InR05545)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      male sterile (with InR339)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      male sterile (with InR05545)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      short lived

      (Biteau et al., 2010)

      short lived (with InR93Dj-1)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      short lived (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      short lived | recessive

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      viable

      (Wessells et al., 2004)

      viable (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      viable (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Clancy et al., 2001)

      viable (with InRsP1)

      (Neuman and Bashirullah, 2018)

      viable | male (with InR339)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      viable | male (with InR05545)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      visible

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      visible | adult stage (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      Phenotype Manifest In

      adult gut (with InR05545)

      (Biteau et al., 2010)

      adult heart (with InR211)

      (Wessells et al., 2004)

      alpha/beta Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      alpha'/beta' Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      egg chamber | germline clone

      (LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005)

      epandrium | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      escort cell (with InR339)

      (Su et al., 2018)

      eye-antennal disc

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      female germline stem cell (with InR339), with Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4

      (Yang et al., 2013)

      female germline stem cell | germline clone

      (LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005)

      gamma Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      germarium cap cell (with InR339), with Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4

      (Yang et al., 2013)

      germline cyst | germline clone

      (LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005)

      gonadal sheath proper primordium | first instar larval stage

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      gonadal sheath proper primordium | first instar larval stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      haltere disc

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      male germline stem cell (with InR339)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      male germline stem cell (with InR05545)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      maxillary palp | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      mesothoracic leg disc

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      metathoracic leg disc

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      mushroom body, with Scer\GAL4Ptth.cMa

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      ommatidium

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      ovariole

      (Tatar et al., 2001, Chen et al., 1996)

      ovary

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      polar primary spermatocyte (with InR339)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      polar primary spermatocyte (with InR05545)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      primary spermatocyte (with InR339)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      primary spermatocyte (with InR05545)

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      terminal filament | prepupal stage

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      terminal filament | prepupal stage (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      wing (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      wing | heat sensitive (with InR93Dj-4)

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      wing disc

      (Chen et al., 1996)

      wing vein | ectopic (with InR3T5)

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      InR93Dj-4/InR93Dj-4 pupae are small compared to controls; but unlike controls, their size is not affected by hypoxia (10% O[[2]]).

      (Kapali et al., 2022)

      InRE19/InR339 transheterozygotes show a significantly decreased number of escort cells in the germarium, as compared to controls.

      (Su et al., 2018)

      Pupariation is delayed by approximately 6 days in InRE19 homozygotes, during which time the mushroom body neuroblasts continue to divide, albeit more slowly. The &gr; to α'/β' transition is significantly delayed in slow growing InRE19 flies.

      In InRE19 animals, mushroom body neuroblast division rates are reduced but temporal identity transitions are delayed, potentially leaving the final number of γ neurons unchanged. This is supported by comparable mushroom body sizes in wild-type versus InRE19 animals just after the &gr; to α'/β' transition.

      Although heterozygous InRE19 larvae do not exhibit an obvious growth delay, InRE19 mushroom body clones contain approximately 35% fewer cells than wild-type clones.

      (Lin et al., 2013)

      InR339/InRE19 mutant flies raised at 18[o]C contain fewer germline stem cells and cap cells than the respective controls. The number of GSCs and cap cells reduces further one week after being shifted to 29[o]C at eclosion.

      (Yang et al., 2013)

      InRE19/InR93Dj-4 mutant embryos contain a reduced number of somatic gonad precursor (SGP) cell number at hatching (L0) compared to wild type. Transheterozygotes contain significantly fewer terminal filaments (TFs) and TF cells at the larval-pupal transition stage compared to controls, and TF cell size is also reduced. While each of the heterozygotes displays reduced SGP cell number and TF cell size, neither displays differences in either TF number or TF cell number.

      Swarm cell migration is unaffected in InRE19/InR93Dj-4 mutants, and the proportion of cells anterior/posterior to the germline is also similar. However, the proportion of anterior cells that differentiate into TF cells is elevated in InRE19/InR93Dj-4 larvae compared to controls.

      (Green and Extavour, 2012)

      InR3T5/InRE19 mutant adult flies have a reduced body weight compared to heterozygous controls. Wing area is also reduced compared to controls.

      Lipid and carbohydrate content are increased in InR3T5/InRE19 mutant flies compared to controls.

      InR3T5/InRE19 mutant flies exhibit defective electroretinogram (ERG) readings.

      Cholinesterase activity is not significantly reduced in InR3T5/InRE19 mutant flies compared to controls.

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      12.7% of InR3T5/InRE19 mutant wings show small ectopic vein-like patches. No ectopic wing vein is seen in either heterozygote.

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      The frequency of proliferating cells in the intestine of aging InRE19/InR05545 flies is significantly lower than that of age-matched controls.

      InRE19 homozygous mutant flies are short-lived, compared with controls.

      (Biteau et al., 2010)

      The average number of germline stem cells (GSCs) in the testis of InRE19/InR339 or InRE19/InR05545 males within 24 hours of eclosion is similar to that seen in wild-type males at this time. However, the mutant males show an increased rate of reduction in GSC number with age compared to wild-type males, such that 14 days after eclosion, while the wild-type males maintain 90% of the GSC numbers of newly eclosed males, the mutant males maintain only 70% or 75% respectively of the average GSC number of newly eclosed males.

      InRE19/InR339 and InRE19/InR05545 males that are within 24 hours of eclosion have a reduced number of stage S2b spermatocyte cysts in the testis compared to wild-type males. By 14 days after eclosion, stage S2b spermatocyte cysts are no longer detected in InRE19/InR339 males.

      Cell cycle progression in the germline stem cells of homozygous males is severely compromised compared to wild type.

      The average diameter of stage S6 InRE19/InR339 and InRE19/InR05545 spermatocytes is smaller than that of control spermatocytes at this stage.

      (Ueishi et al., 2009)

      In a fed state, InRE19 flies are anoxia tolerant.

      (Vigne et al., 2009)

      77% of homozygous female germline cysts are developmentally delayed. Mutant germline stem cells (GSCs) have a reduced division rate compared to wild-type GSCs. Egg chambers in mosaic ovarioles in which the entire germline is homozygous fail to progress through vitellogenesis and degenerate. Excess follicle cells are not observed in these egg chambers. In mosaic ovarioles with one wild-type and one homozygous somatic stem cell, 51% of follicle cells are wild type and 49% are mutant, indicating that the wild-type and mutant somatic stem cells have a similar proliferation rate.

      (LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005)

      InRE19/InR93Dj-4 transheterozygotes show a temperature sensitive growth phenotype. The wing size of InRE19/InR93Dj-4 transheterozygotes is similar to that of wild-type controls when flies are raised at 18oC. However, when flies are raised at 25oC, the wing area of InRE19/InR93Dj-4 is much smaller than that of controls. Additionally, very few InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies survive to adulthood when raised at 25oC and none survive when raised at 29oC.

      The adult wing area of InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies is only sensitive to temperature during late third instar and early pupation. Switching InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies from 17oC to 24oC changes adult wing size between day 9 and 20 with earlier shifts resulting in smaller wings. The difference in wing size between flies raised at 17oC and 24oC is due to fewer, but not smaller, cells.

      Total developmental time for InRE19/InR93Dj-4 transheterozygotes is sensitive to temperature only before the middle of the third larval instar. Switching InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies from 17oC to 24oC changes the time to reach adult eclosion during the first 9 days of development with earlier switches causing greater delays in eclosion. A switch after the ninth day does not delay adult eclosion. At 17oC, InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies show a slight delay in eclosion relative to controls.

      The adult body mass of InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies is sensitive to a temperature change from 17oC to 24oC between day 9 and day 13. Shifting flies to the restrictive temperature after pupariation has no effect on adult body mass.

      InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies reared at 17oC up to pupariation then switched to 24oC results in an approximate doubling of free-sugar concentration compared to flies that are not switched to 24oC. Lipid levels, however, are elevated in InRE19/InR93Dj-4 flies whether or not they are raised at the restrictive temperature either after pupariation or for the whole of their development time.

      InRE19/InR93Dj-4 male flies raised at 17oC show a reduction in the size of the maxillary palp, wing, and genital arch compared to wild-type flies. The size of the maxillary palp and wing is further reduced when these males are raised at 24oC, but the genital arch size is not further decreased by the restrictive temperature.

      (Shingleton et al., 2005)

      InRE19/+ flies have an increased rate of stress-induced heart failure at five weeks compared to at one week, as occurs in wild-type flies. In contrast, InRE19/InR211 flies experience no increase in heart failure between the ages of one and five weeks. These flies also have a reduced decrease in heart rate compared to wild-type flies and a longer lifespan.

      (Wessells et al., 2004)

      In homozygous flies, the body weight and number of ommatidia are reduced by 52% and 45% respectively. The body size isa severely but proportionally reduced. Selective removal of InRE19 function in eye progenitor cells generates flies with strongly reduced eye and head capsule while all other parts are wild-type. Mosaic eyes show photoreceptors that are reduced in size by about a third. The wing area is reduced by 36%, by a significant decrease in cell number and size by 17% and 23% respectively.

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)

      InR93Dj-4/InRE19 adults are dwarf in size and are short-lived.

      (Clancy et al., 2001)

      InR93Dj-1/InRE19 adults are dwarf in size and are short-lived; life expectancy of both males and females is reduced compared to controls (from 32.3 to 2.3 and from 35.5 to 1.4 days respectively). InR93Dj-4/InRE19 adults are dwarf in size and are short-lived; life expectancy of both males and females is reduced compared to controls (from 32.3 to 1.7 and from 35.5 to 1.7 days respectively). Homozygous adults are dwarf in size and both males and females show a moderate reduction in life expectancy compared to controls (from 32.3 to 24.6 and from 35.5 to 15.27 days respectively). Developmental rate is slower than normal. InRE19/InR05545 adults are dwarf in size. Developmental rate is slower than normal. Females show an 85% increase in life expectancy compared to controls (from 32.3 to 60.1 days). Males show a high mortality as early adults, but have reduced mortality at late ages, resulting in a life expectancy at 10 days that is 43% greater than that of controls. All ovarioles are immature in homozygous ovaries 24 hours after eclosion. The degree of egg chamber maturation 11 days after eclosion resembles that of newly eclosed wild-type flies. A single application of methoprene initiates vitellogenesis. InR05545/InRE19 females require continuous exposure to methoprene to induce any vitellogenesis. Treatment with methoprene reduces the longevity of InR05545/InRE19 females towards wild-type levels.

      (Tatar et al., 2001)

      Heterozygous adults have slightly reduced body size. Many InR93Dj-1/InRE19 and InR93Dj-4/InRE19 animals survive to adulthood. They eclose with a delay of 8 to 9 days at 25oC, having prolonged second and third larval instar stages compared to control siblings. The number of cells in the wing, eye-antennal, haltere, mesothoracic leg and metathoracic leg discs is reduced compared to wild-type. Pupae and adult flies are reduced in size compared to wild-type. InR93Dj-1/InRE19 males are fertile, but InR93Dj-1/InRE19 females are unable to produce eggs. Ovaries are reduced in size, do not contain mature eggs and remain unchanged in size at 7, 10 and 14 days after eclosion. The rate of ovariole maturation is slower than wild-type and ovarioles never mature to the stage of egg deposition. InR93Dj-4/InRE19 males and females are fertile. Ovaries of InR93Dj-4/InRE19 females are reduced in size due to the small size of many underdeveloped ovarioles. The rate of ovariole maturation is slower than wild-type.

      (Chen et al., 1996)
      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      NOT Enhanced by
      Suppressed by
      NOT suppressed by
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      InR[+]/InRE19 is an enhancer of abnormal size | adult stage phenotype of sl2

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      InR[+]/InRE19 is an enhancer of increased cell number | adult stage phenotype of sl2

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      NOT Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      InRE19 is a non-enhancer of long lived phenotype of csw6

      (Ruzzi et al., 2020)

      InR[+]/InRE19 is a non-enhancer of abnormal size | adult stage phenotype of sl9

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      Suppressor of
      NOT Suppressor of
      Statement
      Reference

      InRE19 is a non-suppressor of long lived phenotype of csw6

      (Ruzzi et al., 2020)
      Other
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Suppressed by
      NOT suppressed by
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      InRE19 is an enhancer of eye phenotype of EBV\BRLF1GMR.PA

      (Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

      InR[+]/InRE19 is an enhancer of wing blade phenotype of sl2

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      InR[+]/InRE19 is an enhancer of wing vein | ectopic phenotype of sl2

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)

      InR[+]/InRE19 is an enhancer of photoreceptor cell R7 | adult stage phenotype of sl2

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      NOT Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      InR[+]/InRE19 is a non-enhancer of wing blade phenotype of sl9

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      Suppressor of
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      The decreased number of escort cells observed in the germarium of InRE19/InR339 transheterozygotes is suppressed by additional foxo21/foxo25 transheterozygosity.

      (Su et al., 2018)

      Expression of NScer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4 (limited to the adult stages using Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B) does not suppress the germline stem cell and cap cell loss seen in InR339/InRE19.

      Expression of Dl::NΔECN.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4 (limited to the adult stages using Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B) significantly suppresses the germline stem cell and cap cell loss seen in InR339/InRE19 mutant week old females.

      Expression of NICN.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4 (limited to the adult stages using Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B) significantly suppresses the germline stem cell and cap cell loss seen in InR339/InRE19 mutant week old females.

      Expression of fngGD2763 under the control of Scer\GAL4bab1-Gal4 (limited to the adult stages using Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B) suppresses the germline stem cell and cap cell loss seen in InR339/InRE19 mutant week old females.

      (Yang et al., 2013)

      One copy of InRE19 enhances the reduction in wing blade area seen in homozygous sl2 males.

      One copy of InRE19 does not enhance the reduction in wing blade area seen in homozygous sl9 males.

      One copy of InRE19 significantly enhances the ectopic wing vein phenotype seen in sl2 homozygotes.

      One copy of InRE19 enhances the percentage of sl2 mutant ommatidia that contain extra R7 photoreceptors.

      (Murillo-Maldonado et al., 2011)
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Images (0)
      Mutant
      Wild-type
      Stocks (1)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer
      Comments
      Comments

      Alleles of InR form an allelic series based on phenotypic strength: InR339 > InR31 > InR211 > InRE19 > InR353.

      (Brogiolo et al., 2001)
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (8)
      References (45)