FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\dre4
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\dre4
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
dre4
Annotation Symbol
CG1828
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0002183
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
12 publicly available
Gene Summary
dre4 (dre4) encodes a chromatin regulator that, along with the product of Ssrp, forms the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) protein complex. FACT facilitates GAGA factor-directed chromatin remodeling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Spt16, dSPT16, l(3)dre4, l(3)62Bg

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
62B7-62B7
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-1.0
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:1871574..1876312
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)
Molecular Function (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chromatin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Petruk et al., 2006)
enables nucleosome binding
inferred from direct assay
(Shimojima et al., 2003)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q05344
(Kwon et al., 2010)
enables protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q05344
(Kwon et al., 2010, Tsunaka et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables H2A-H2B histone complex chaperone activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9Y5B9
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
enables nucleosome binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000360139
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
NOT enables peptidase activity
inferred from key residues with MEROPS:M24.974
(GO curators, 2012-)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in regulation of chromatin organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shimojima et al., 2003)
involved_in transcription pausing by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tettey et al., 2019)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in nucleosome disassembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000360139
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription elongation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000360139
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q9Y5B9
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Tsunaka et al., 2009)
part_of FACT complex
inferred from direct assay
(Tettey et al., 2019, Tsunaka et al., 2009)
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
located_in nucleolus
inferred from direct assay
(Saunders et al., 2003)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tettey et al., 2019)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Petruk et al., 2006)
colocalizes_with polytene chromosome interband
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
colocalizes_with polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Saunders et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of FACT complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000360139
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR040258
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidase M24 family. SPT16 subfamily. (Q8IRG6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
dre4 (dre4) encodes a chromatin regulator that, along with the product of Ssrp, forms the facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) protein complex. FACT facilitates GAGA factor-directed chromatin remodeling. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
FACT COMPLEX -
FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) is a heterodimer that destabilizes interactions between the H2A/H2B dimer and the H3/H4 tetramer of nucleosomes. FACT is involved in multiple processes such as transcription elongation, DNA replication and repair. (Adapted from FBrf0208591).
M24 NON-PEPTIDASE HOMOLOGS -
M24 non-peptidase homologs are similar in amino acid sequence to M24 metalloexopeptidases but lack one or more of the expected catalytic residues. (Adapted from FBrf0239469.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication and DNA repair. During transcription elongation the FACT complex acts as a histone chaperone that both destabilizes and restores nucleosomal structure. It facilitates the passage of RNA polymerase II and transcription by promoting the dissociation of one histone H2A-H2B dimer from the nucleosome, then subsequently promotes the reestablishment of the nucleosome following the passage of RNA polymerase II. The FACT complex is required for expression of Hox genes.
(UniProt, Q8IRG6)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
l(3)62Bg
Locus displays ca 80 times the mutation rate of most of the other loci in the region, and it is relatively more sensitive to γ irradiation than to EMS mutagenesis than other loci (by a factor of six); in addition, none of the alleles is associated with a gross chromosome rearrangement. Hemizygotes are arrested in the first larval instar, where they remain robust and active. One allele temperature sensitive; developmental arrest takes place shortly after shift up in temperature at several stages.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

transcription factor - along with Dre4 forms a protein complex, FACT, that facilates GAGA factor directed chromatin remodeling

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\dre4 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8IRG6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
dre4-RA
FBtr0072864
NM_057262
3690
1122
dre4-RB
FBtr0072865
NM_167922
3573
1083
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
dre4-PA
FBpp0072743
127.8
1122
6.66
NP_476610
AAF47587
dre4-PB
FBpp0072744
123.6
1083
6.21
Q8IRG6
NP_728686
AAN11502
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of dre4/spt16 and Ssrp. Interacts with TRL/GAGA.

(UniProt, Q8IRG6)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\dre4 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.05

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Tsunaka et al., 2009)
part_of FACT complex
inferred from direct assay
(Tettey et al., 2019, Tsunaka et al., 2009)
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
located_in nucleolus
inferred from direct assay
(Saunders et al., 2003)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tettey et al., 2019)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Petruk et al., 2006)
colocalizes_with polytene chromosome interband
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
colocalizes_with polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Kwon et al., 2010)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Saunders et al., 2003)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\dre4 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 78 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of dre4
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of dre4
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 150 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 150 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(3L)Aprt-1
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-3
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-9
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-10
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-12
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-13
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-14
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-15
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-16
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-18
(Machado and Andrew, 2000, Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-19
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-21
(Shimojima et al., 2003)
Df(3L)Aprt-24
(Machado and Andrew, 2000, Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-26
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-27
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-29
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-31
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-32
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-36
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-42
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-46
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-47
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-48
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-53
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-54
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-56
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-61
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-65
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-66
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-71
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-72
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-73
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-74
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-77
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-79
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-84
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-87
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-88
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-89
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-90
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-91
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-92
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-93
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-94
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-95
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-96
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-97
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-98
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-99
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-100
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-101
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-102
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-103
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-104
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-105
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-106
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-107
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-108
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-109
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-110
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-111
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-112
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-113
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-115
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-116
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-117
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-118
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-119
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-120
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-121
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-122
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-124
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-125
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-126
(Machado and Andrew, 2000, Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-127
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-128
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-129
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-130
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-132
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-133
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-134
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-135
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-136
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-137
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-138
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-139
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-140
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-141
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-143
(Machado and Andrew, 2000, Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-144
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-145
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-146
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-147
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-148
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-151
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-152
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-153
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-154
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-156
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-157
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-158
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-159
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-160
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-161
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-162
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-163
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-164
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-165
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-166
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-167
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-168
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-169
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-170
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-171
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-173
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-174
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-175
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-176
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-177
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-178
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-180
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-181
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-182
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-183
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-184
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-186
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-187
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-188
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-189
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-190
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-191
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-192
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-193
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-194
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-195
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-196
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-199
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-201
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Exel6088
(Ma et al., 2023)
Df(3L)R-E
(Sliter and Gilbert, 1992)
Ts(2Rt;3Rt)Aprt-185
(Wang et al., 1994)
Gene not disrupted in
Df(3L)Aprt-21
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-57
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-114
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-123
(Machado and Andrew, 2000, Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-131
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-142
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-149
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-150
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-172
(Wang et al., 1994)
Df(3L)Aprt-198
(Wang et al., 1994)
Inferred from location ( 9 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
lethal, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
lethal, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
lethal, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
lethal (with Df(3L)Exel6088)
lethal | heat sensitive
lethal | recessive | heat sensitive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | heat sensitive
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Tret1.PS
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4moody.SPG
partially lethal - majority live, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4nrv2.PS
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
decreased cell size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4wor.PU
decreased cell size | larval stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior, with Scer\GAL4wor.PU
decreased size, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
decreased size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
increased cell death | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096-KE
short lived, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
short lived, with Scer\GAL4wor.PU
some die during first instar larval stage
some die during first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
some die during first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
some die during first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
some die during first instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
some die during larval stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
some die during pupal stage | heat sensitive
some die during second instar larval stage
some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
some die during second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult head | absent, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
ganglion mother cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
larval brain, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
larval fat cell of larval fat body, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
larval neuroblast, with Scer\GAL4wor.PU
larval neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4insc-Mz1407
prothoracic gland, with Scer\GAL4phtm.PO
wing, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
wing | absent, with Scer\GAL4nub.PK
wing disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096-KE
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\SUPT16H
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
3  
Hsap\PEPD
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\XPNPEP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\XPNPEP3
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Supt16h
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Pepd
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Xpnpep1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Xpnpep3
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Supt16
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Pepd
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Xpnpep1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Xpnpep3
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\supt16h
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\rnf5
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\xpnpep3
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\supt16h
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\metap1d
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pepd
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\xpnpep2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\xpnpep3
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
Cele\spt-16
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\F55A3.7
1 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\K12C11.1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\R119.2
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006817
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000887
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001037
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004775
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (4)
Atha\SPT16
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\GTC2
5 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G09300
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT4G29490
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
Scer\SPT16
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\ICP55
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\MAP1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\YFR006W
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (4)
Spom\spt16
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\icp55
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPAC22G7.01c
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPBC18A7.01
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (4)
Ecol\map
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\pepP
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\pepQ
1 of 11
Yes
No
Ecol\ypdF
1 of 11
Yes
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:dre4. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)
ApepP
1 of 13
CG5188
1 of 13
CG9581
1 of 13
CG32454
1 of 13
Dip-C
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
SUPT16H; SPT16 homolog, facilitates chromatin remodeling subunit
14 of 14
SPT16 HOMOLOG, FACILITATES CHROMATIN REMODELING SUBUNIT; SUPT16H
 
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Dmel gene
Ortholog showing functional complementation
Supporting References
dre4
Hsap\SUPT16H
(Ma et al., 2023)
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
protein-protein
Physical Interaction
Assay
References
dre4 - Cenp-C
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
(Lipinszki et al., 2015)
dre4 - Dek
experimental knowledge based
(Guruharsha et al., 2011)
dre4 - HP1b
tandem affinity purification, multidimensional protein identification technology, western blot
(Kwon et al., 2010)
dre4 - HP1c
tandem affinity purification, multidimensional protein identification technology, western blot
(Kwon et al., 2010)
dre4 - Spt5
anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Saunders et al., 2003)
dre4 - Ssrp
pull down, molecular weight estimation by staining, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, experimental knowledge based, autoradiography, western blot
(Chen et al., 2015, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Kwon et al., 2010, Tsunaka et al., 2009, Shimojima et al., 2003)
dre4 - Su(var)205
tandem affinity purification, multidimensional protein identification technology, western blot
(Kwon et al., 2010)
dre4 - Trl
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot
(Nakayama et al., 2012, Shimojima et al., 2003)
dre4 - cal1
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry, pull down, autoradiography, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
(Chen et al., 2015)
dre4 - cid
anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, western blot
(Boltengagen et al., 2016)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Component of the FACT complex, a stable heterodimer of dre4/spt16 and Ssrp. Interacts with TRL/GAGA.
(UniProt, Q8IRG6 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3L
Recombination map
3-1.0
Cytogenetic map
62B7-62B7
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
62B7-62B7
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}dlt04276 and P{PZ}slsrL182
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-1.0

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-3.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (12)
Genomic Clones (21)
cDNA Clones (34)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Tettey et al., 2019, Shimojima et al., 2003)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        The FACT complex (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) containing dre4 and Ssrp has a crucial role in the modulation of chromatin structure for the regulation of gene expression.

        (Shimojima et al., 2003)

        Recessive lethal mutations in this complementation group were identified by failure to complement the recessive lethality of Df(3L)R-R2. This locus is disproportionately mutable: 18 ethyl methanesulfonate and 56 γ ray alleles were isolated.

        (Sliter et al., 1989)

        Locus displays ca 80 times the mutation rate of most of the other loci in the region and it is relatively more sensitive to γ irradiation than to EMS mutagenesis than other loci (by a factor of six); in addition, none of the alleles is associated with a gross chromosome rearrangement. Hemizygotes are arrested in the first larval instar, where they remain robust and active. One allele temperature-sensitive; developmental arrest takes place shortly after shift up in temperature at several stages.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: dre4 CG1828

        (Deng, 1999.11)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (15)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG1828
        (Boltengagen et al., 2016, Çiçek et al., 2016, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5)
        DRE4
        (Ho et al., 2014)
        DRE4/dSPT16
        (Saurin et al., 2001)
        Dre4
        (Bradley et al., 2015, Lipinszki et al., 2015)
        SPT16
        (Rennie et al., 2018, Comoglio and Paro, 2014, Li and Zhou, 2013, Kharchenko et al., 2011)
        Spt16
        (Richards et al., 2022, Aoki et al., 2020, Ramachandran et al., 2017, Boltengagen et al., 2016, Comoglio et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2010, Polo and Almouzni, 2006, Workman and Abmayr, 2004, Saunders et al., 2003)
        dSPT16
        (Hashimoto et al., 2013, Tsunaka et al., 2009, Lehmann, 2004, Shimojima et al., 2003)
        dSpt16
        (Yokoyama et al., 2007)
        dre4
        (Kagemann et al., 2025, Lou et al., 2024, Escobedo et al., 2023, Ma et al., 2023, Dalton et al., 2022, Ribot et al., 2022, Meyer-Nava et al., 2020, Qiu et al., 2019, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Boltengagen et al., 2016, Ou et al., 2016, Völker-Albert et al., 2016, Dietz et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Kwong et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Mukherjee et al., 2014, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Brooks et al., 2011, Chang et al., 2011, Rohn et al., 2011, Dalton et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010)
        dspt16
        (Shimojima, 2002.3.28)
        l(3)62Bg
        (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
        l(3)dre4
        (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992, Sliter et al., 1989)
        spt16
        (Neumüller et al., 2013, Nakayama et al., 2012, Nakayama et al., 2007, Petruk et al., 2006, Petruk et al., 2006, Shimojima et al., 2003)
        Name Synonyms
        dre4
        lethal(3)62Bg
        supressor of Ty element 16
        (Shimojima, 2002.3.28)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0002182
        Datasets (1)
        Study focus (1)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        • bait_protein
        modENCODE_chromatin_proteins_cells
        Genome-wide localization of chromosomal proteins in cell lines by ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq.
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 60 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        References (106)