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FB2026_01
,
released March 12, 2026
HMG-D, HMG D, HMG1
transcription factor - HMG domain protein - responsible for transcriptional silencing during early development - required for proper morphogenesis of sensory neuron dendrites
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\HmgD for information on other features
To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Apparent introns not annotated: probable artifacts due to repetitive sequence.
Gene model reviewed during 5.51
Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Gene model reviewed during 5.56
1.3, 0.9 (northern blot)
1.3, 0.95 (northern blot)
112 (aa)
112 (aa); 14.5 (kD observed); 12.3 (kD predicted)
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\HmgD using the Feature Mapper tool.
The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).
HmgD transcripts are present throughout the germarium. They are also present in all of the germline nurse cells and the somatic follicle cells in stage 1-6 egg chambers. From stage 7, HmgD transcripts stop accumulating in the follicle cells but continue to be present in the nurse cells. They accumulate around the periphery of the oocyte and remain localized until the end of oogenesis. In early embryos, weak general expression is observed. HmgD expression resumes in stage 9 embryos where strong staining is seen in all neuroblasts. Starting in stage 11, staining is observed in a subset of cells of the PNS. Nervous system staining persists through most of embryogenesis. No staining is observed in commissures or longitudinal connectives.
HmgD transcripts are observed mainly in embryos and adult females on northern blots.
HmgD transcripts are abundant in embryos and adult females.
HmgD protein is present at a constant level throughout embryogenesis but the number of molecules per nucleus declines with each cleavage cycle.
HmgD protein is associated with condensed chromatin structures during the first six nuclear cleavage cycles of the developing embryo. Histone H1 is absent from these same structures.
JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\HmgD in JBrowse2-96
2-102.8
Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
Candidate stable intronic sequence RNA (sisRNA) identified within 5'UTR of this gene.
dsRNA has been made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene. RNAi of HmgD results in an almost complete block of primary dendrite extension and lateral branching of ddaD and ddaE neurons. RNAi also causes defects in muscle and defects in dendrite morphogenesis.
RNAi generated by PCR using primers directed to this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.
The strength and selectivity of DNA binding by the HmgD HMG domain is modulated by the C-terminal basic and acidic domains.
HmgD transcripts display a complex pattern of temporal and spatial localisation implying a specialised rather than general role during early development.
An HmgD cDNA has been cloned and sequenced.
