FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\D
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\D
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Dichaete
Annotation Symbol
CG5893
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000411
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Dichaete (D) encodes an HMG-domain protein and member of the Sox family of transcription factors. Its roles include hindgut development, embryonic segmentation, and nervous system development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

fish, fish-hook, DM23, DM36, DM10

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-42
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:14175610..14178620
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (29 terms)
Molecular Function (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
enables DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ind; FB:FBgn0025776
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:vnd; FB:FBgn0261930
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (18 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (16 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in brain development
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in dendrite guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in brain development
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008496689
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008496689
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with MGI:MGI:98364
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000030384
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Dichaete (D) encodes an HMG-domain protein and member of the Sox family of transcription factors. Its roles include hindgut development, embryonic segmentation, and nervous system development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
HIGH MOBILITY GROUP BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
The High mobility group box (HMGB) transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription. The HMGB proteins have a characteristic L-shaped HMGB domain of about 80 amino acid residues, which binds the DNA minor groove and induce DNA bending. The HMGB domains are found in one or more copies and are involved in the regulation of DNA-dependent processes such as transcription, replication and chromatin remodeling. (Adapted from FBrf0194706, FBrf0108466, PMID:24086078 and PMID:23153957).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Essential for segmentation and CNS development. May modulate the actions of other transcription factors, including gap and pair-rule proteins.
(UniProt, Q24533)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
D: Dichaete
thumb
D: Dichaete
From Bridges and Morgan, 1923, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 327: 127.
Wings extended uniformly at 45 from body axis and elevated 30 above (occasionally sharply downcast and dragging). Alulae missing. Dorsocentrals and some other bristles reduced in number (Sturtevant, 1918, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 264; Plunkett, 1926, J. Exp. Zool. 46: 181-244). Head often deformed or split in postvertical region. Halteres turned down. Homozygous lethal. Nearly lethal in combination with eyD (Sobels, Kruijt, and Spronk, 1951, DIS 25: 128). Partially suppressed by sc alleles that remove postverticals (sc, sc4, sc6, sc7) but not by others (sc2, sc5) (Sturtevant). Classifiable in triploids. RK2A.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

HMG-domain protein - SOX-domain protein - implicated in the regulation of pair-rule genes and later functions in wing morphogenesis - roles include hindgut development, embryonic segmentation, and nervous system development.

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\D for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q24533)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0075746
2935
382
FBtr0333034
1612
382
FBtr0333035
1928
382
FBtr0333036
2619
382
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.0 (northern blot)

1.8 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0075488
40.2
382
10.07
FBpp0305248
40.2
382
10.07
FBpp0305249
40.2
382
10.07
FBpp0305250
40.2
382
10.07
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

382 aa isoforms: D-PA, D-PB, D-PC, D-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\D using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.03

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

D transcripts are detected in the nurse cells and the ooctye in stage 6 of oogenesis while the protein is only seen in the oocyte.

The D transcript is first detected in embryonic cycle 13 as a wide band from 15-65% egg length. At cycle 14, the band splits into two domains at 15-30% egg length and about 50% egg length. Procephalic expression is detected at cycle 14. In the cellular blastoderm embryo, D transcript is expressed in 7 irregular stripes, as well as in a dorsal saddle pattern. During gastrulation and germ band extension, two 4-cell wide rows of ventral neurectoderm flanking the invaginating mesoderm, as well as procephalic neurectoderm, express D transcript. During germ band retraction, D is expressed in a subset of cells in the brain, the ventral nerve cord, the hindgut, and segmentally repeated stripes of cells along the ventral epidermis.

D transcript is not detected before nuclear cycle 10 of embryogenesis. In early stage 4 embryos, D transcript is present in a wide central domain, and in late stage 4, it is also present in an anterior domain. The central domain begins to split in early stage 5, and seven stripes are visible by late stage 5. The 6 anterior stripes and the anterior domain expression subsequently disappear. In late stage 6 to early stage 7, neurectodermal expression appears, first as 14 stripes, then expanding to a continuous longitudinal band along the germ band.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
ectoderm | segmentally repeated

Comment: 8 patches of cells; expression levels decay after stage 13

hindgut

Comment: expression levels decay after stage 13

Additional Descriptive Data

D-protein expression can be found in the distal part of the inner proliferation zone in the larval optic anlage and in the larval medulla anlage.

D protein labels three paired clusters of cells in the adult brain: one in the protocerebrum, another near the optic lobe border and a third lateral to each antennal lobe (LAAL), which contains around 225 neurons. Subsets of these LAAL neurons co-express ScerGAL4ChAT.7.4 or ScerGAL4Gad1.3.098, identifying them as cholinergic or GABAergic, respectively. They do not co-express olfactory projection neuron markers such as ScerGAL4GH146, ScerGAL4acj6-PG63, ScerGAL4NP6115 or ScerGAL4Mz699. A significant proportion of LAAL neurons correspond to olfactory local neurons, as identified by the expression of ScerGAL4KL107, ScerGAL4c305a, ScerGAL4NP1227 and ScerGAL4Sxl-NP2426. D protein is also expressed in ring neurons R2 and R4, which co-express ScerGAL4c547, and in three midline neuron clusters in the thoracic-abdominal ganglion.

D-protein is expressed in medial neuroblasts of the developing larval medulla. A subset of these neuroblasts co-express slp1- and slp2-protein. D-protein is detected in a small number of ganglion mother cells in the medulla anlage.

l(1)sc-protein is expressed in around two rows of neuroepithelial cells at the border of the developing larval medulla.

vvl-protein is expressed in newly formed larval medulla neurons.

run-protein is expressed in newly formed larval medulla neurons.

SoxN protein and D protein were shown to co-localize in the ventral epidermis from stage 12 until the end of embryogenesis.

D is first detected in the presumptive oocyte in region IIb of the germarium. From oogenesis stages 2-7, it is detected specifically in the oocyte cytoplasm and not in nurse cells or follicle cells. It is not detected from stage 8 on.

Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\D in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 50 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 36 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of D
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of D
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 15 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal (with D87)
lethal (with D89)
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult cuticle & adult head | somatic clone
larval hindgut & embryo & cell (with Df(3L)fz-GS1a)
macrochaeta & adult thorax
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (39)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
Yes
No
0  
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (19)
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (27)
5 of 14
Yes
No
5 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
No
No
 
4  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (36)
4 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (34)
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (12)
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
4 of 14
Yes
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (18)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (10)
2 of 13
Yes
No
2 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (5)
3 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
3 of 12
Yes
No
3 of 12
Yes
No
3 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:D. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (17)
6 of 13
6 of 13
5 of 13
5 of 13
5 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Dmel gene
    Ortholog showing functional complementation
    Supporting References
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    RNA-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    enhanceable
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-42
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    70D3-70D3
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)70Da02402&P{PZ}btl00208 and P{PZ}Mpcp00564
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    70D1-70D2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-40.7

    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (118)
    Genomic Clones (27)
    cDNA Clones (37)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for D protein in 0-12 hr embryos; see mE1_TFBS_D collection report.

        SoxN and D appear to be partially functionally redundant with respect to formation of ventral and intermediate neuroblasts.

        D and SoxN have differential and redundant functions during central nervous system development.

        D and vvl act in concert with sim to control midline gene expression in the embryo.

        D may have a role in appendage development and may influence the progression of proximal/distal and dorsal/ventral patterning processes.

        D is required for thr differentiation of a restricted group of neural cells in the brain and for the correct development of the hindgut.

        There is some uncertainty in the designation of D1, D3 and "D9" as dominant D alleles.

        The amino terminal portion of the D protein can act as a transcriptional activator. The D HMG domain binds to the vertebrate Sox protein consensus binding sites (AACAAT and AACAAAG) and this binding induces an 85o DNA bend.

        D is required for the development of the central nervous system midline in embryos.

        Mutant embryos show loss and or fusion of head and abdominal segments, and defects in CNS organisation and differentiation of the CNS midline cells.

        Gene was termed 'fish-hook' based on the appearance of its expression pattern in sagittal views of early germ-band-extended embryos.

        Mutant analysis suggests that D plays an important role in segmentation and is essential for proper differentiation and/or survival of specific CNS cells.

        The P{PZ} insertion P{PZ}rJ375 which is 5' and close to D, maps to 70D1-70D3 by deficiency mapping.

        Data suggests that D corresponds to the Sox70D gene and that the recessive lethality associated with D alleles is a result of regulatory mutations that reduce Sox70D expression in the embryo.

        The striking features of null mutations in D are the variability of their phenotypes and their variable effects on the expression of other segmentation genes. This suggests that D has a supporting role in regulating the expression of key developmental genes during segmentation.

        Phenotypes common to all dominant alleles include held out wings, reduced or missing alulae and/or adjacent wing tissue; the halteres are held out or down and are missing some tissue at the bulb-stalk join. Other aspects of the dominant phenotype are allele-specific; wings may be reduced or elongated, and many alleles remove specific thoracic bristles (most often the presuturals). All extant dominant alleles are associated with a chromosome rearrangement with a break at the 70D1-2 interband; revertants of the dominant phenotype are also often associated with a new break in this region. D alleles associated with a break distal to this region are associated with recessive lethality, whereas D alleles with a break proximal to this region are viable, both over deficiencies and other D alleles, as are their non-deficiency revertants.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: D Sry-rDM10 Sry-rDM23 Sry-rDM33 Sry-rDM36 Sry-rDM63

        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: D CG5893

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (37)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        D
        (El-Danaf et al., 2025, Soffers et al., 2025, Yun et al., 2025, Pollington et al., 2023, Zhao et al., 2023, Gaultier et al., 2022, Miozzo et al., 2022, Ray et al., 2022, Tang et al., 2022, Ma et al., 2021, Malin and Desplan, 2021, Michki et al., 2021, Rossi et al., 2021, Cang and Nie, 2020, Chen and Desplan, 2020, Chetverina et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Luo et al., 2020, Maurange, 2020, Mira and Morante, 2020, Naidu et al., 2020, Schnepf et al., 2020, Clark et al., 2019, Oberst et al., 2019, Sapar and Han, 2019, Sato et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Kittelmann et al., 2018, Doe, 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Karaiskos et al., 2017, Koch et al., 2017, Suzuki and Sato, 2017, Altenhein et al., 2016, Carvajal-Gonzalez et al., 2016, Dresch et al., 2016, Peng et al., 2016, Pinto-Teixeira et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Yasugi and Nishimura, 2016, Baëza et al., 2015, Duque and Sinha, 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Bertet et al., 2014, Bonnay et al., 2014, Boyle et al., 2014, Eroglu et al., 2014, Ferrero et al., 2014, Jiang and Singh, 2014, Slattery et al., 2014, Cheng et al., 2013, Combs and Eisen, 2013, Li and Gilmour, 2013, Li et al., 2013, Melnattur et al., 2013, Samee and Sinha, 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Suzuki et al., 2013, Webber et al., 2013, Aswani et al., 2012, He et al., 2012, Homem and Knoblich, 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Kvon et al., 2012, Zhou et al., 2012, Fulkerson and Estes, 2011, Kaplan et al., 2011, Kuzin et al., 2011, Nègre et al., 2011, Pruteanu-Malinici et al., 2011, Zhai et al., 2011, Mace et al., 2010, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Liu et al., 2009, MacArthur et al., 2009, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Venken et al., 2009, Venken et al., 2009, Buescher and Chia, 2008, Estes et al., 2008, Maurange et al., 2008, Segal et al., 2008, Zhai et al., 2008, Overton et al., 2007, Mukherjee et al., 2006, Stathopoulos and Levine, 2005)
        Sry-rDM10
        Sry-rDM23
        Sry-rDM33
        Sry-rDM36
        Sry-rDM63
        loD
        Name Synonyms
        Sox box protein 70D
        Sry-related DM10
        Sry-related DM23
        Sry-related DM33
        Sry-related DM36
        Sry-related DM63
        lethal of Dichaete
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0010271
        • FBgn0010273
        • FBgn0010274
        • FBgn0010275
        • FBgn0010276
        • FBgn0013641
        • FBgn0014030
        Datasets (2)
        Study focus (2)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        • bait_protein
        ChIP characterization of transcription factor genome binding, Berkeley Drosophila Transcription Factor Network Project.
        • bait_protein
        Genome-wide localization of transcription factors by ChIP-chip and ChIP-Seq.
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 67 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
        References (302)