fish, fish-hook, DM23, DM36, DM10
HMG-domain protein - SOX-domain protein - implicated in the regulation of pair-rule genes and later functions in wing morphogenesis - roles include hindgut development, embryonic segmentation, and nervous system development.
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AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Gene model reviewed during 5.46
2.0 (northern blot)
1.8 (northern blot)
382 (aa)
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\D using the Feature Mapper tool.
The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as ventral nerve cord anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as large intestine specific anlage
D transcripts are detected in the nurse cells and the ooctye in stage 6 of oogenesis while the protein is only seen in the oocyte.
The D transcript is first detected in embryonic cycle 13 as a wide band from 15-65% egg length. At cycle 14, the band splits into two domains at 15-30% egg length and about 50% egg length. Procephalic expression is detected at cycle 14. In the cellular blastoderm embryo, D transcript is expressed in 7 irregular stripes, as well as in a dorsal saddle pattern. During gastrulation and germ band extension, two 4-cell wide rows of ventral neurectoderm flanking the invaginating mesoderm, as well as procephalic neurectoderm, express D transcript. During germ band retraction, D is expressed in a subset of cells in the brain, the ventral nerve cord, the hindgut, and segmentally repeated stripes of cells along the ventral epidermis.
D transcript is not detected before nuclear cycle 10 of embryogenesis. In early stage 4 embryos, D transcript is present in a wide central domain, and in late stage 4, it is also present in an anterior domain. The central domain begins to split in early stage 5, and seven stripes are visible by late stage 5. The 6 anterior stripes and the anterior domain expression subsequently disappear. In late stage 6 to early stage 7, neurectodermal expression appears, first as 14 stripes, then expanding to a continuous longitudinal band along the germ band.
Comment: expression levels decay after stage 13
D-protein expression can be found in the distal part of the inner proliferation zone in the larval optic anlage and in the larval medulla anlage.
D protein labels three paired clusters of cells in the adult brain: one in the protocerebrum, another near the optic lobe border and a third lateral to each antennal lobe (LAAL), which contains around 225 neurons. Subsets of these LAAL neurons co-express ScerGAL4ChAT.7.4 or ScerGAL4Gad1.3.098, identifying them as cholinergic or GABAergic, respectively. They do not co-express olfactory projection neuron markers such as ScerGAL4GH146, ScerGAL4acj6-PG63, ScerGAL4NP6115 or ScerGAL4Mz699. A significant proportion of LAAL neurons correspond to olfactory local neurons, as identified by the expression of ScerGAL4KL107, ScerGAL4c305a, ScerGAL4NP1227 and ScerGAL4Sxl-NP2426. D protein is also expressed in ring neurons R2 and R4, which co-express ScerGAL4c547, and in three midline neuron clusters in the thoracic-abdominal ganglion.
l(1)sc-protein is expressed in around two rows of neuroepithelial cells at the border of the developing larval medulla.
vvl-protein is expressed in newly formed larval medulla neurons.
run-protein is expressed in newly formed larval medulla neurons.
D is first detected in the presumptive oocyte in region IIb of the germarium. From oogenesis stages 2-7, it is detected specifically in the oocyte cytoplasm and not in nurse cells or follicle cells. It is not detected from stage 8 on.
JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\D in JBrowse





Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for D protein in 0-12 hr embryos; see mE1_TFBS_D collection report.
D may have a role in appendage development and may influence the progression of proximal/distal and dorsal/ventral patterning processes.
D is required for thr differentiation of a restricted group of neural cells in the brain and for the correct development of the hindgut.
D is required for the development of the central nervous system midline in embryos.
Mutant embryos show loss and or fusion of head and abdominal segments, and defects in CNS organisation and differentiation of the CNS midline cells.
Gene was termed 'fish-hook' based on the appearance of its expression pattern in sagittal views of early germ-band-extended embryos.
Mutant analysis suggests that D plays an important role in segmentation and is essential for proper differentiation and/or survival of specific CNS cells.
The P{PZ} insertion P{PZ}rJ375 which is 5' and close to D, maps to 70D1-70D3 by deficiency mapping.
Phenotypes common to all dominant alleles include held out wings, reduced or missing alulae and/or adjacent wing tissue; the halteres are held out or down and are missing some tissue at the bulb-stalk join. Other aspects of the dominant phenotype are allele-specific; wings may be reduced or elongated, and many alleles remove specific thoracic bristles (most often the presuturals). All extant dominant alleles are associated with a chromosome rearrangement with a break at the 70D1-2 interband; revertants of the dominant phenotype are also often associated with a new break in this region. D alleles associated with a break distal to this region are associated with recessive lethality, whereas D alleles with a break proximal to this region are viable, both over deficiencies and other D alleles, as are their non-deficiency revertants.
Source for merge of: D Sry-rDM10 Sry-rDM23 Sry-rDM33 Sry-rDM36 Sry-rDM63
Source for identity of: D CG5893