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FB2021_04, released August 17, 2021

Gene: Dmel\Atg16

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Atg16
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Autophagy-related 16
Annotation Symbol
CG31033
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0039705
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Gene Summary
Autophagy-related 16 (Atg16) encodes a protein that forms an E3-like protein complex. This complex contributes to the the covalent binding of the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine to the product of Atg8a, a key autophagy protein involved in autophagosome biogenesis. The product of Atg16 is involved in autophagosome biogenesis, maintenance of proper neuromuscular function, lifespan, ethanol sedation, and enteroendocrine cell function in the intestine. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
99C2-99C2
Sequence location
3R:29,827,281..29,835,101 [-]
Recombination map
3-99
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:29827281..29835101
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in autophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nagy et al., 2017, Wen et al., 2017, Varga et al., 2016, Chang et al., 2013)
involved_in cellular response to starvation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zirin et al., 2013)
involved_in enteroendocrine cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nagy et al., 2017)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:robo2; FB:FBgn0002543
(Nagy et al., 2017)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rab19; FB:FBgn0015793
(Nagy et al., 2017)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sli; FB:FBgn0264089
(Nagy et al., 2017)
involved_in glycophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zirin et al., 2013)
involved_in larval midgut cell programmed cell death
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Xu et al., 2015, Chang et al., 2013)
involved_in protein lipidation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Varga et al., 2016)
involved_in regulation of autophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pircs et al., 2012)
involved_in regulation of cell differentiation involved in tissue homeostasis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nagy et al., 2017)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:robo2; FB:FBgn0002543
(Nagy et al., 2017)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sli; FB:FBgn0264089
(Nagy et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in autophagosome assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000459084
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in macroautophagy
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000004769
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000004769
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
is_active_in autophagosome membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000459084
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Autophagy-related 16 (Atg16) encodes a protein that forms an E3-like protein complex. This complex contributes to the the covalent binding of the lipid phosphatidylethanolamine to the product of Atg8a, a key autophagy protein involved in autophagosome biogenesis. The product of Atg16 is involved in autophagosome biogenesis, maintenance of proper neuromuscular function, lifespan, ethanol sedation, and enteroendocrine cell function in the intestine. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENES -
The Autophagy-related genes (Atg), characterized extensively in yeast, are a set of approximately twenty evolutionarily conserved genes required for autophagy. Autophagy (specifically, macroautophagy) is the process of bulk degradation of cytoplasmic material. It takes place by the assembly of a double membrane vesicle, the autophagosome, which delivers cargo to the lysosome for recycling. (Adapted from FBrf0219844 and FBrf020902).
ATG12-ATG5-ATG16 COMPLEX -
The Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex is needed for autophagosome formation. It is composed of Atg16 interacting with covalently linked Atg12-Atg5. (Adapted from PMID:23321721 and PMID:23999079).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Atg16 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Atg16-RA
FBtr0085529
NM_170432
1659
419
Atg16-RB
FBtr0085530
NM_170433
1668
445
Atg16-RC
FBtr0085528
NM_170434
2350
604
Atg16-RF
FBtr0339144
NM_001144652
2374
612
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Atg16-PA
FBpp0084895
45.7
419
6.93
NP_733311
AAF56951
Atg16-PB
FBpp0084896
48.9
445
8.05
NP_733312
AAF56950
Atg16-PC
FBpp0084894
67.3
604
6.92
NP_733313
AAF56952
Atg16-PF
FBpp0308289
68.3
612
7.41
NP_001138124
ACL83580
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Atg16 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Atg16-HA}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
neurosecretory neuron of adult pars lateralis
(Varga et al., 2016)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Atg16 in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Atg16
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Atg16
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell number | adult stage
abnormal immune response | adult stage
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage
abnormal size | adult stage
abnormal size | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Lsp2.PH
abnormal starvation stress response | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PU
abnormal starvation stress response | somatic clone | third instar larval stage
abnormal starvation stress response | third instar larval stage
increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4esg.PU
short lived
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult fat body | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
adult gut
adult midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4esg.PU
adult posterior midgut epithelium
adult posterior midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
autophagosome |  :chemical conditional | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
autophagosome | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
cytoplasmic vesicle | early third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
embryonic/larval fat body | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PU
embryonic/larval fat body | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PP
embryonic/larval midgut | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
enteroblast | adult stage
enteroblast | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pros-V1
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage
fat body | somatic clone | third instar larval stage | nutrition conditional
fat body | third instar larval stage | nutrition conditional
fat cell | early third instar larval stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
gastric caecum | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4NP0001
lysosome | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
neuron | adult stage
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\ATG16L1
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\ATG16L2
9 of 15
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Atg16l1
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Atg16l2
9 of 15
No
Yes
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Atg16l1
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Atg16l2
8 of 13
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\atg16l1
13 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\atg16l2
2 of 12
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\atg16l1
7 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\atg16l2
6 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\LOC110437943
2 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\si:ch1073-143l10.2
1 of 15
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\atg-16.1
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\atg-16.2
11 of 15
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\AT5G50230
8 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G50590
1 of 9
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\CAF4
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Scer\MDV1
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0919051Q )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00008494
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD17638
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM12216
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG11997
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE10422
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF16323
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA15952
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL24002
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK11448
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ22407
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI20554
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH22420
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0915050N )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17006203
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY006327
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY007376
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_13313
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes004859
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W0B18 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA006504
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS211026-PA
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS211024-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL004907
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL007145
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2160839090
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\3395386516
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB43755
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB43759
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP13236
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP13238
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15206573
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH22797
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH22808
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:001a7d
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:001a87
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG011845
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_10317
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_10322
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_10321
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC035010
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC002674
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM495970
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM495740
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC004478
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC004495
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC009445
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC009452
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI065154
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_10012
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_10009
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X0DND )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR005158
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW000705
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM76334.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM79852.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur13g01280
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_306657
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_306659
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G0ML1 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Atg16L1
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000012347
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\ATG16L1
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)
No records found.
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Model Summary Ribbon
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
ATG16L1; autophagy related 16 like 1
model of  inflammatory bowel disease 10
IEA
(FlyBase, 2019-)
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
ATG16L1; autophagy related 16 like 1
14 of 15
610767
ATG16L2; autophagy related 16 like 2
9 of 15
618716
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      View in Interactions Browser
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Atg16
      suppressible
      robo2
      (Nagy et al., 2017)
      Atg16
      suppressible
      sli
      (Nagy et al., 2017)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Tom40
      suppressible
      Atg16
      (Liu et al., 2018)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3R
      Recombination map
      3-99
      Cytogenetic map
      99C2-99C2
      Sequence location
      3R:29,827,281..29,835,101 [-]
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      99C2-99C2
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}ncd05884 and P{lacW}l(3)s2500s2500
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-99

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-97.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (10)
      Genomic Clones (15)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (61)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Varga et al., 2016)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Other Information
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Atg16 CG31033

      (Pircs et al., 2012)
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: CG15513 CG31033

      (FlyBase, 1996-)

      Source for merge of: CG18040 CG15513 CG18683

      (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

      Source for merge of: CG15513 CG18040

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Additional comments

      Annotations CG18040, CG15513 and CG18683 merged as CG31033 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

      (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

      Source for merge of CG15513 CG31033 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

      (FlyBase, 1996-)

      Source for merge of CG15513 CG18040 was a shared cDNA ( date:010720 ).

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Other Comments
      Origin and Etymology
      Discoverer
      Etymology
      Identification
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 55 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DRscDB
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL
      modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
      SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
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