FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Xrp1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Xrp1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Xrp1
Annotation Symbol
CG17836
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261113
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
36 publicly available
Gene Summary
Xrp1 (Xrp1) encodes an AT-Hook, bZip DNA binding protein involved in genome stability maintenance. It heterodimerizes with the product of Irbp18 to bind to P element sequences contributing to transposition. It is induced by p53 following X-irradiation and by mutations or knockdown of caz or ribosomal protein (Rp) encoding genes. It contributes to the slow growth of Minute (Rp+/-) mutants cell-autonomously by inhibiting translation and non-autonomously through regulation of the product of Ilp8. [Date last reviewed: 2019-05-16] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
91D4-91D5
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-65
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:18914968..18926989
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables chromatin binding
inferred from direct assay
(Mallik et al., 2018)
enables P-element binding
inferred from direct assay
(Francis et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromosome organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Akdemir et al., 2007)
involved_in double-strand break repair
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Francis et al., 2016)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of DNA repair complex
inferred from direct assay
(Francis et al., 2016)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Mallik et al., 2018)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Xrp1 (Xrp1) encodes an AT-Hook, bZip DNA binding protein involved in genome stability maintenance. It heterodimerizes with the product of Irbp18 to bind to P element sequences contributing to transposition. It is induced by p53 following X-irradiation and by mutations or knockdown of caz or ribosomal protein (Rp) encoding genes. It contributes to the slow growth of Minute (Rp+/-) mutants cell-autonomously by inhibiting translation and non-autonomously through regulation of the product of Ilp8. [Date last reviewed: 2019-05-16]
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    bZip-domain transcription factor - transcriptionally upregulated by an autoregulatory loop - triggers apoptosis in competitively looser cells - regulates translation and growth, delays development and is responsible for gene expression changes in mutant ribosomal proteins - induced by p53 following X-irradiation - partner of Inverted Repeat Binding Protein 18 - critical for repair of DNA breaks following transposase cleavage of DNA

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    7
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    2

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Xrp1 for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VE23)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

    Gene model reviewed during 5.47

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Xrp1-RA
    FBtr0083701
    NM_169839
    3027
    668
    Xrp1-RB
    FBtr0083700
    NM_142504
    3619
    668
    Xrp1-RC
    FBtr0083702
    NM_169840
    2120
    406
    Xrp1-RD
    FBtr0083703
    NM_169841
    1740
    406
    Xrp1-RE
    FBtr0113246
    NM_001104363
    2030
    406
    Xrp1-RF
    FBtr0334523
    NM_001275789
    3196
    668
    Xrp1-RG
    FBtr0334524
    NM_001275790
    3167
    668
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Xrp1-PA
    FBpp0083115
    72.8
    668
    4.62
    Q9VE23
    NP_732384
    AAF55608
    Xrp1-PB
    FBpp0083114
    72.8
    668
    4.62
    Q9VE23
    NP_650761
    AAN13791
    Xrp1-PC
    FBpp0083116
    44.7
    406
    4.46
    Q8IN74
    NP_732385
    AAN13792
    Xrp1-PD
    FBpp0083117
    44.7
    406
    4.46
    Q8IN74
    NP_732386
    AAN13793
    Xrp1-PE
    FBpp0112158
    44.7
    406
    4.46
    Q8IN74
    NP_001097833
    ABW08700
    Xrp1-PF
    FBpp0306590
    72.8
    668
    4.62
    Q9VE23
    NP_001262718
    AGB96098
    Xrp1-PG
    FBpp0306591
    72.8
    668
    4.62
    Q9VE23
    NP_001262719
    AGB96099
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    668 aa isoforms: Xrp1-PA, Xrp1-PB, Xrp1-PF, Xrp1-PG
    406 aa isoforms: Xrp1-PC, Xrp1-PD, Xrp1-PE
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
     
    UniProt
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Xrp1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -1.34

    Transcript Expression
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    part_of DNA repair complex
    inferred from direct assay
    (Francis et al., 2016)
    located_in nucleus
    inferred from direct assay
    (Mallik et al., 2018)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Xrp1 in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 47 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 33 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Xrp1
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Xrp1
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    lethal | male, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    lethal | male limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    lethal | male limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    lethal | recessive
    partially lethal - majority die
    partially lethal - majority die | female, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    partially lethal - majority die | recessive
    viable
    viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    viable, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    viable (with Xrp1Exel6181)
    viable (with Xrp1Exel6182)
    Sterility
    Allele
    fertile (with Xrp1Exel6181)
    fertile (with Xrp1Exel6182)
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
    abnormal smell perception
    long lived | male limited, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
    short lived, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    short lived | female limited, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
    visible, with Scer\GAL4bbg-C96
    visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
    visible | female limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    visible | female limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    antenna | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
    eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
    wing, with Scer\GAL4bbg-C96
    wing | female limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    wing | female limited | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
    Cele\zip-2
    1 of 14
    Yes
    Yes
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Xrp1. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Xrp1
      enhanceable
      caz
      (Mallik et al., 2018)
      Xrp1|RpS3
      enhanceable
      RpS12
      (Ji et al., 2019)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      caz
      suppressible
      Xrp1
      (Mallik et al., 2018)
      nej
      enhanceable
      Xrp1
      (Anderson et al., 2005)
      Paip1
      suppressible
      Xrp1
      (Xue et al., 2023)
      parvin
      suppressible
      Xrp1
      (Chountala et al., 2012)
      RpS3
      suppressible
      RpS12|Xrp1
      (Ji et al., 2019)
      RpS23
      suppressible
      Xrp1
      (Recasens-Alvarez et al., 2021)
      trus
      suppressible
      Xrp1
      (Takada et al., 2025)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3R
      Recombination map
      3-65
      Cytogenetic map
      91D4-91D5
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      91D4-91D5
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}sprd05284 and P{PZ}cdi07013&P{lacW}nosj3B6; Left limit from in situ hybridisation (FBrf0067338) Right limit from in situ hybridisation (FBrf0067338)
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      91D3-91D5
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-65

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-64.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (36)
      Genomic Clones (25)
      cDNA Clones (164)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Francis et al., 2016)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          RNAi generated by PCR using primers directed to this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.

          (Boutros et al., 2004)

          RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.

          (Boutros et al., 2004)

          Identification: Enhancer trap expression pattern survey for loci expressed in the ring gland.

          (Harvie et al., 1998)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: CG17836 anon- EST:Liang-2.44

          (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.11.2)

          Source for merge of: Xrp1 l(3)02515

          (Akdemir et al., 2007)
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          2515
          (Harvie et al., 1998)
          CG17836
          (Francis et al., 2016, Hosono et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Reinke et al., 2013, Tsurui-Nishimura et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Kong et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Carreira et al., 2009, Gruenewald et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, FlyBase Curators, 2008-, Urasaki et al., 2008, Zhou et al., 2008, Akdemir et al., 2007, Baeg et al., 2007, Buszczak et al., 2007, Kankel et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Reiter et al., 2007, Sambandan et al., 2006, Brodsky et al., 2004)
          DM28
          (Reinke et al., 2013)
          XRP1
          (Akdemir et al., 2007)
          Xrp
          (Saha et al., 2022)
          Xrp1
          (Fehr et al., 2025, Scopelliti et al., 2025, Takada et al., 2025, Yang et al., 2025, Joy et al., 2024, Nagata and Igaki, 2024, Floc'hlay et al., 2023, Kiparaki and Baker, 2023, Xue et al., 2023, Baker and Montagna, 2022, Deliu et al., 2022, Destefanis et al., 2022, Kumar and Baker, 2022, Layalle et al., 2021, Morata, 2021, Paraskevopoulos and McGuigan, 2021, Recasens-Alvarez et al., 2021, Baker, 2020, Blanco et al., 2020, Catinozzi et al., 2020, Coelho, 2020, Hung et al., 2020, Baker et al., 2019, Coelho and Moreno, 2019, Ji et al., 2019, Sanchez et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Singh et al., 2019, Xu et al., 2019, Baillon et al., 2018, Bischof et al., 2018, Hall et al., 2018, Mallik et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Yao et al., 2017, Francis et al., 2016, Lee et al., 2016, Baëza et al., 2015, model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Network (modERN) Project, 2015-, Schertel et al., 2015, Harrop et al., 2014, de Celis et al., 2013.9.11, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Tsurui-Nishimura et al., 2013, Chountala et al., 2012, Takahashi et al., 2012, Carreira et al., 2011, Akdemir et al., 2007)
          anon-EST:Liang-2.44
          clone 2.44
          (Liang and Biggin, 1998)
          l(3)02515
          xrp1
          (Stanković et al., 2024, Boulan et al., 2019, Link et al., 2013)
          Name Synonyms
          CG17836
          Xrp1
          lethal (3) 02515
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0038661
          • FBgn0025952
          • FBgn0010781
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 63 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (123)