FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Unr
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Unr
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Upstream of N-ras
Annotation Symbol
CG7015
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0263352
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
15 publicly available
Gene Summary
Upstream of N-ras (Unr) encodes an RNA binding protein that functions as an RNA chaperone and translation regulator. It performs opposing, sex-specific, roles in X-chromosome dosage compensation by regulating lncRNA:roX2 RNA conformation in males and msl-2 mRNA translation in females. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

dUNR, MRE30

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
66C12-66C13
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-24
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:8432322..8442381
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables lncRNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Militti et al., 2014, Patalano et al., 2009)
enables mRNA 3'-UTR binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:msl-2; FB:FBgn0005616
(Duncan et al., 2006)
inferred from direct assay
(Duncan et al., 2009, Abaza and Gebauer, 2008)
inferred from direct assay
(Hennig et al., 2014)
enables mRNA regulatory element binding translation repressor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Abaza et al., 2006, Duncan et al., 2006)
inferred from direct assay
(Hennig et al., 2014, Duncan et al., 2009, Abaza and Gebauer, 2008)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P21187
(Hollmann et al., 2023)
enables protein-RNA adaptor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Militti et al., 2014)
enables RISC complex binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:AGO1; FB:FBgn0262739
(Kakumani et al., 2020)
enables RNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Hollmann et al., 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables nucleic acid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002059, InterPro:IPR011129
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables protein-RNA adaptor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000985585
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in dosage compensation complex assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Patalano et al., 2009)
inferred from direct assay
(Militti et al., 2014)
involved_in negative regulation of translational initiation
inferred from direct assay
(Abaza et al., 2006, Duncan et al., 2006)
inferred from direct assay
(Hennig et al., 2014, Duncan et al., 2009, Abaza and Gebauer, 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000985585
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Abaza et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of CRD-mediated mRNA stability complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000985585
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of mCRD-mediated mRNA stability complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000985585
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the UNR family. (B7Z0E2)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Upstream of N-ras (Unr) encodes an RNA binding protein that functions as an RNA chaperone and translation regulator. It performs opposing, sex-specific, roles in X-chromosome dosage compensation by regulating lncRNA:roX2 RNA conformation in males and msl-2 mRNA translation in females. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
RNA-binding protein that acts as a regulator of dosage compensation in both males and females (PubMed:16452508, PubMed:16452509, PubMed:18203923, PubMed:19168682, PubMed:19941818, PubMed:25158899). In males, acts as positive regulator of dosage compensation by promoting assembly of the MSL complex, a multiprotein complex that mediates X-chromosome dosage compensation (PubMed:19168682, PubMed:25158899). Promotes MSL complex assembly via association with roX1 and roX2 non-coding RNA components of the MSL complex, facilitating the interaction between non-coding RNAs and mle (PubMed:19168682, PubMed:25158899). In females, acts as an inhibitor of dosage compensation together with Sxl by preventing production of msl-2 protein, an essential component of the MSL complex (PubMed:16452508, PubMed:16452509, PubMed:18203923, PubMed:19941818). Specifically binds to the 3'-UTR of msl-2 transcripts, and cooperates with Sxl to prevent translation initiation of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:16452508, PubMed:16452509, PubMed:18203923, PubMed:19941818). Mechanistically, Sxl and Unr inhibit translation initiation by preventing ribosome recruitment after pAbp-mediated recruitment of the eIF4F complex (PubMed:19941818).
(UniProt, B7Z0E2)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

RNA-binding protein that interacts with Rox RNAs to repress dosage compensation complex formation in female and promote its assembly on the male X chromosome

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Unr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry B7Z0E2)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Unr-RA
FBtr0076661
NM_139969
7079
1039
Unr-RB
FBtr0114592
NM_001144440
7889
1057
Unr-RC
FBtr0308954
NM_001259740
8844
1032
Unr-RD
FBtr0332984
NM_001274650
4872
1057
Unr-RE
FBtr0345595
NM_001300054
8799
1057
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Unr-PA
FBpp0076384
116.6
1039
6.54
B7Z0E2
NP_648226
AAF50415
Unr-PB
FBpp0113084
118.4
1057
6.54
B7Z0E2
NP_001137912
ACL83267
Unr-PC
FBpp0301053
115.9
1032
6.54
M9ND61
NP_001246669
AFH04340
Unr-PD
FBpp0305200
118.4
1057
6.54
B7Z0E2
NP_001261579
AGB94274
Unr-PE
FBpp0311664
118.4
1057
6.54
B7Z0E2
NP_001286983
AHN58008
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1057 aa isoforms: Unr-PB, Unr-PD, Unr-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Sxl; cooperates with Sxl to prevent translation of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:16452508, PubMed:16452509, PubMed:18203923, PubMed:19941818). Interacts with mle; promoting association between mle and roX2 non-coding RNA (PubMed:25158899). Interacts (via CSD domain 7-9) with pAbp; promoting translation inhibition of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:19941818, PubMed:36688322).

(UniProt, B7Z0E2)
Domain

Composed of 5 canonical CSD domains that mediate RNA-binding as well as 4 degenerate CSD domains (non-canonical) that do not bind RNA (PubMed:32697992). Interactions between canonical and non-canonical CSD domains mediate RNA tertiary structure specificity by reducing the conformational heterogeneity (PubMed:32697992). The CSD domain 1 mediates association with the 3'-UTR of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:18203923). CSD domains 7-9 at the C-terminus bind to poly(A) sequences of RNAS (PubMed:36688322).

(UniProt, B7Z0E2)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Unr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.21

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Abaza et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Unr in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 13 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Unr
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Unr
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\CSDE1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Csde1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\LOC100364335
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Csde1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\csde1
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\csde1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\si:dkeyp-121d4.3
3 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004937
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Unr. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
UnrHMS00494
model of  autism spectrum disorder
CEA
(Guo et al., 2019)
Unrc01923
model of  autism spectrum disorder
CEA
(Guo et al., 2019)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
CSDE1; cold shock domain containing E1
14 of 14
COLD-SHOCK DOMAIN-CONTAINING E1, RNA-BINDING; CSDE1
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      RNA-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      Unr - Fmr1
      clip-seq, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Buddika et al., 2021)
      Unr - JIL-1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Mihailovich et al., 2012)
      Unr - eIF3d1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Mihailovich et al., 2012)
      Unr - lncRNA:roX1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Patalano et al., 2009)
      Unr - lncRNA:roX2
      electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography, tag visualisation by fluorescence, fluorescent dye label, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, nuclear magnetic resonance, pull down, western blot
      (Hollmann et al., 2020, Militti et al., 2014, Patalano et al., 2009)
      Unr - mir-7
      pull down, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - mir-8
      pull down, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - mir-9a
      pull down, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - mir-ban
      pull down, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - mir-let7
      pull down, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - msl-2
      isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, nucleic acid uv cross-linking assay, autoradiography, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, affinity chromatography technology, western blot, static light scattering, x-ray crystallography, pull down, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr, Identification by mass spectrometry
      (Szostak et al., 2018, Hennig et al., 2014, Graindorge et al., 2013, Abaza et al., 2006, Duncan et al., 2006)
      Unr - smg
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Mihailovich et al., 2012)
      Unr - sqd
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr
      (Mihailovich et al., 2012)
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      Unr - AGO1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Kakumani et al., 2020)
      Unr - CG1792
      two hybrid array
      (Shokri et al., 2019)
      Unr - FoxP
      two hybrid array
      (Shokri et al., 2019)
      Unr - Hrb27C
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Szostak et al., 2018)
      Unr - Sxl
      electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography, pull down, western blot, affinity chromatography technology, Identification by mass spectrometry, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation
      (Graindorge et al., 2013, Abaza and Gebauer, 2008, Abaza et al., 2006)
      Unr - YL-1
      two hybrid array
      (Shokri et al., 2019)
      Unr - mirr
      two hybrid array
      (Shokri et al., 2019)
      Unr - mle
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Militti et al., 2014)
      Unr - pAbp
      nuclear magnetic resonance, pull down, western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, x-ray crystallography, light scattering
      (Hollmann et al., 2023, Duncan et al., 2009)
      Unr - tap
      two hybrid array
      (Shokri et al., 2019)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Interacts with Sxl; cooperates with Sxl to prevent translation of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:16452508, PubMed:16452509, PubMed:18203923, PubMed:19941818). Interacts with mle; promoting association between mle and roX2 non-coding RNA (PubMed:25158899). Interacts (via CSD domain 7-9) with pAbp; promoting translation inhibition of msl-2 transcripts (PubMed:19941818, PubMed:36688322).
      (UniProt, B7Z0E2 )
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3L
      Recombination map
      3-24
      Cytogenetic map
      66C12-66C13
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      66C12-66C13
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L0139L0139 and P{PZ}Gug03928&P{EP}CG6745EP595b
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-24

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-19.7

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (15)
      Genomic Clones (17)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (98)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      monoclonal

      (Na et al., 2016)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Unr promotes the targeting of the activating male-specific-lethal complex to the X-chromosome by facilitating the interaction of mle and roX2.

          (Militti et al., 2014)

          Sxl protein requires the obligatory cofactor Unr protein for 3'-UTR mediated translational repression of msl-2 in females. Sxl protein recruits Unr protein to the 3' UTR of msl-2 mRNA specifically in female cells.

          (Duncan et al., 2006)

          New annotation (CR32028) in release 3 of the genome annotation.

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

          Non-coding RNA.

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Unr CR32028

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2011)
          Additional comments

          Annotation CG7015 merged with annotation CR32028 in release 5.40 of the genome annotation; CR32028 corresponds to 5' UTR of CG7015.

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2011)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: BcDNA:LD13080 CR32028

          (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

          Source for identity of: Unr CG7015

          (Duncan et al., 2006)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 57 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (73)