FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Dld
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Dld
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Annotation Symbol
CG7430
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0289579
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (1.8.1.4)
Gene Summary
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) encodes the E3 subunit of mitochondrial alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenease complexes, in which it catalyzes the regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide, the cofactor of the E2 subunit of these complexes. The Dld protein is a component of: (i) the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the fourth step of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; (ii) the oxoadipidate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate to glutaryl-CoA in the fifth step of lysine catabolism; (iii) the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH; and (iv) the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacids to branched-chain acyl-CoAs. Dld is also a component of the glycine cleavage complex that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of glycine to CO2, NH4(+) and a methylene group. [Date last reviewed: 2025-09-11] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

diaphorase-2'

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
75A4-75A4
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-45
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:17846916..17849601
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (23 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH) activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000530299
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09624
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006258
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables flavin adenine dinucleotide binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006258
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000530299
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on a sulfur group of donors, NAD(P) as acceptor
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR012999
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables oxidoreductase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001100, InterPro:IPR023753
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in L-isoleucine catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2025)
involved_in L-leucine catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2025)
involved_in L-valine catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2025)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylation to succinyl-CoA
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09622
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000530299
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylation to branched-chain acyl-CoA
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09622
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in glycine catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09624
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in glycine decarboxylation via glycine cleavage system
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P31023
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in L-lysine catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09622
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in pyruvate decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:O08749
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle
traceable author statement
(González Morales et al., 2023)
Cellular Component (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
(González Morales et al., 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09622
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
part_of glycine cleavage complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09624
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
is_active_in mitochondrial matrix
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P31023
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000530301
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of oxoadipate dehydrogenase complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09622
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
part_of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
non-traceable author statement
(González Morales et al., 2023)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000530301
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P09624
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (NADH) activity
N(6)-[(R)-dihydrolipoyl]-L-lysyl-[protein] + NAD(+) = N(6)-[(R)-lipoyl]- L-lysyl-[protein] + NADH + H(+) (1.8.1.4)
RHEA 15045:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) encodes the E3 subunit of mitochondrial alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenease complexes, in which it catalyzes the regeneration of the oxidized form of lipoamide, the cofactor of the E2 subunit of these complexes. The Dld protein is a component of: (i) the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the fourth step of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; (ii) the oxoadipidate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate to glutaryl-CoA in the fifth step of lysine catabolism; (iii) the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH; and (iv) the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacids to branched-chain acyl-CoAs. Dld is also a component of the glycine cleavage complex that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of glycine to CO2, NH4(+) and a methylene group. [Date last reviewed: 2025-09-11]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED SULFUR OXIDOREDUCTASES, NAD(P) AS ACCEPTOR -
This group comprises sulfur oxidoreductases using NAD(P) as acceptor that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
OXOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - OGDH1 VARIANT -
The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyses the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate into succinyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby fulfilling crucial functions in mitochondria by providing metabolites and reduced electron carriers for oxidative phosphorylation. It is a giant enzyme cluster composed of multiple copies of three subunits. The dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase subunit (DLST, also known as E2) serves as a structural core unit. The OGDH (also known as E1) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD, also known as E3) subunits sit in the periphery of the E2 core. The OGDH subunit recognizes the 2-oxoglutarate substrate and provides specificity to the complex. (Adapted from FBrf0256925.)
OXOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - OGDH2 VARIANT -
The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex catalyses the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate into succinyl-CoA in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, thereby fulfilling crucial functions in mitochondria by providing metabolites and reduced electron carriers for oxidative phosphorylation. It is a giant enzyme cluster composed of multiple copies of three subunits. The dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase subunit (DLST, also known as E2) serves as a structural core unit. The OGDH (also known as E1) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (DLD, also known as E3) subunits sit in the periphery of the E2 core. The OGDH subunit recognizes the 2-oxoglutarate substrate and provides specificity to the complex. (Adapted from FBrf0256925.)
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - PDHA1 VARIANT -
The eukaryotic Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a multi-enzyme complex organized around a dodecahedral core formed by the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component. To this core, multiple copies of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component, the FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component, and one to two copies each of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP, which comprises a catalytic and regulatory subunit) are tethered via non-covalent interactions. The PDC functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH and as such is the gate-keeper enzyme that links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and lipogenic pathways. (Adapted from PMID:19081061.)
PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX - PDHA2 VARIANT -
The eukaryotic Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a multi-enzyme complex organized around a dodecahedral core formed by the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (E2) component. To this core, multiple copies of the thiamin diphosphate-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component, the FAD-containing dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component, and one to two copies each of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP, which comprises a catalytic and regulatory subunit) are tethered via non-covalent interactions. The PDC functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to produce acetyl-CoA and NADH and as such is the gate-keeper enzyme that links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and lipogenic pathways. (Adapted from PMID:19081061.)
BRANCHED-CHAIN ALPHA-KETOACID DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX -
The Branched-Chain Alpha-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase Complex is organized around a 24-meric cubic core of the dihydrolipoyl transacylase (E2) with multiple (~6-12) copies of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (E1), ~6 copies of the dimeric E3. The E1 component is a thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme consisting of two alpha subunits and two beta subunits. This multienzyme complex functions in the mitochondrial matrix to catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of branched-chain alpha-ketoacids derived from the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. (Adapted from PMID:10745006.)
OXOADIPATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX -
A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoadipate to glutaryl-CoA, thereby acting in the final step of lysine and tryptophan catabolism within mitochondria. The complex comprises multiple copies of three enzymes referred to as E1, E2 and E3: 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The 2-oxoadipate dehydrogenase (E1) component is analogous to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1) component of the OGDH complex, while the E2 and E3 components of the two complexes are identical. (Adapted from PMID:29191460, PMID:32695416, PMID:33045952.]
GLYCINE CLEAVAGE COMPLEX -
The major pathway for the catabolism of glycine involves the oxidative cleavage of glycine to CO2, NH4+ and a methylene group, which is accepted by tetrahydrofolate in a reversible reaction catalyzed by the glycine cleavage system/complex (GCC). In animals and plants, the GCC is composed of four proteins (three enzymes and a carrier protein) that form a complex loosely associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane. The enzymes are: i) P-protein or glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), ii) T-protein or aminomethyl-transferase, and iii) L-protein or dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. The carrier protein is called H-protein (a lipoic acid-containing protein). (Adapted from PMID:18941301.)
Pathway (FlyBase)
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID (TCA) CYCLE -
The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria. It consists of a cyclic series of chemical reactions that harness high-energy electrons from nutrients to produce energy (ATP). Each turn of the TCA cycle oxidizes one acetyl-CoA to two CO2 molecules and yields one GTP or ATP and 6 electrons in the form of four reducing equivalents (three NADH and one FADH2). Then, these electron carriers transfer their electrons onto the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes to generate ATP in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The TCA cycle intermediates can also be used as precursors for the biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acids and porphyrins and for gluconeogenesis. (Adapted from PMID:36581208).
PYRUVATE DECARBOXYLATION TO ACETYL-COA -
In this pathway, pyruvate generated by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion through the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier where it undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex into acetyl-CoA. Concomitantly, the complex releases CO2 and reduces NAD(+) to NADH. The acetyl-CoA subsequently enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (Adapted from PMID:36581208 and PMID:19081061.)
L-VALINE CATABOLISM -
L-valine is one of the three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that is acquired from the diet. The catabolism of L-valine occurs in the mitochondrion and involves several steps, including a transamination followed by a decarboxylation, which ultimately lead to the production of propanoyl-CoA. (Adapted from PMID:30485760.)
L-ISOLEUCINE CATABOLISM -
L-isoleucine is one of the three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that is acquired from the diet. The catabolism of L-isoleucine occurs in the mitochondrion and involves several steps, including a transamination followed by a decarboxylation, which ultimately lead to the production of propanoyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or be used for fatty acid biosynthesis. (Adapted from PMID:30485760.)
L-LEUCINE CATABOLISM -
L-leucine is one of the three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) that is acquired from the diet. The catabolism of L-leucine occurs in the mitochondrion and involves several steps, including a transamination followed by a decarboxylation, which ultimately lead to the production of acetoacetate and acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or be used for fatty acid biosynthesis, while acetoacetate is part of the ketone bodies metabolism. (Adapted from PMID:30485760.)
L-LYSINE CATABOLISM -
L-lysine is an essential amino acid acquired from the diet. The main catabolic route occurs in the mitochondria. It begins with the ε-deamination of L-lysine and proceeds via the intermediate metabolite L-saccharopine to produce acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or be used for fatty acid biosynthesis. The pathway also produces the intermediates glutaryl-CoA and crotonyl-CoA which are the precursors for histone lysine glutarylation and crotonylation, respectively. (Adapted from PMID:28986444.)
GLYCINE CLEAVAGE SYSTEM -
The catabolism of glycine via the glycine cleavage complex (GCS) occurs in the mitochondrion. It involves the decarboxylation and deamination of glycine into ammonia and carbon dioxide, and converts tetrahydrofolate to N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF). By producing the one carbon unit donor 10-CH2-THF, GCS is part of the tetrahydrofolate (one carbon) cycle. (Adapted from PMID:18941301 and PMID: 23615880.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Dld for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VVL7)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Dld-RA
FBtr0075140
NM_140760
2252
504
Dld-RB
FBtr0331810
NM_001275071
1903
504
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Dld-PA
FBpp0074906
53.1
504
6.87
Q9VVL7
NP_649017
AAF49294
Dld-PB
FBpp0304195
53.1
504
6.87
Q9VVL7
NP_001262000
AGB94693
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

504 aa isoforms: Dld-PA, Dld-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

55 (kD)

(Ralchev et al., 1992)
Comments

Dld was isolated from adult flies and its

kinetic parameters were studied. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 5.8 and is

relatively thermostabile. Antibodies raised against the Drosophila virilis

diaphorase-2 were shown to recognize the melanogaster enzyme.

(Ralchev et al., 1992)
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Dld using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.24

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
(González Morales et al., 2023)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Dld in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Dld
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Dld
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (8)
Hsap\DLD
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\GSR
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TXNRD1
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TXNRD2
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TXNRD3
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AIFM1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AIFM2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AIFM3
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (8)
Rnor\Dld
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Gsr
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Txnrd1
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Txnrd2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Txnrd3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Aifm1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Aifm2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Aifm3
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Dld
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Gsr
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Txnrd1
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Txnrd2
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Txnrd3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Aifm1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Aifm2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Aifm3
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (9)
Xtro\dld
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\nsun3
6 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\aifm2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\gsr
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100498581
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pcbd2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\txnrd1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\txnrd2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\txnrd3
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (9)
Drer\dldh
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\gsr
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\txnrd2.2
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\txnrd3
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\aifm1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\aifm2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\aifm3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\aifm4
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\aifm5
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (7)
Cele\dld-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\trxr-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\trxr-2
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\gsr-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\C26D10.3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F20D6.11
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\wah-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011629
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\TRXR
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003904
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008042
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008044
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (20)
Atha\mtLPD1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\mtLPD2
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G16155
5 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\LPD1
5 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\GR1
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\GR
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G44190
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G22140
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\ATMDAR2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\MDAR1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\MDAR4
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\MDAR6
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\MDHAR
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NDB1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\NDB2
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\NDB3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\NDC1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NTRA
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\NTRB
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\NTRC
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (6)
Scer\LPD1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\IRC15
5 of 13
No
Yes
Scer\GLR1
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\AIF1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\TRR1
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\TRR2
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (5)
Spom\dld1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\pgr1
2 of 12
No
No
Spom\aif1
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\SPAC3A11.07
1 of 12
No
Yes
Spom\SPBC947.15c
1 of 12
No
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (8)
Ecol\lpd
10 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\rclA
3 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\sthA
3 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\gor
2 of 11
No
No
Ecol\hcaD
1 of 11
No
No
Ecol\ndh
1 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\nirB
1 of 11
No
No
Ecol\norW
1 of 11
No
No
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Dld. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (8)
Trxr1
4 of 13
Trxr2
4 of 13
AIF
2 of 13
CG4199
2 of 13
CG10700
2 of 13
Pyroxd1
2 of 13
Glts
1 of 13
Sqor
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    DldCR00450-TG4.0
    model of  amino acid metabolic disorder
    CEA
    (Martelli et al., 2024)
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    DLD; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
    model of  dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    DLD; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
    14 of 14
    238331
    GSR; glutathione-disulfide reductase
    3 of 14
    138300
    TXNRD1; thioredoxin reductase 1
    3 of 14
    601112
        TXNRD2; thioredoxin reductase 2
        3 of 14
        606448
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Pathways
          Class of Gene
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          3L
          Recombination map
          3-45
          Cytogenetic map
          75A4-75A4
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          75A4-75A4
          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j11B2j11B2 and P{PZ}W05014
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location

          3-45

          (FlyBase, 2016)

          3-41.2

          (Comeron et al., 2012)
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (6)
          Genomic Clones (14)
           

          Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

          cDNA Clones (111)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                Dia1 and Dia2 have been isolated from D.melanogaster and D.virilis, purified and their biochemical and kinetic properties characterized. Antibodies were raised to the proteins from D.virilis to study the relations of Dia1 and Dia2 to similar proteins in D.novamexicana and D.melanogaster.

                (Ralchev et al., 1992)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: Dia2 CG7430

                (Ivanova et al., 2004)
                Additional comments
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: Dld CG7430

                (Ivanova et al., 2004)
                Nomenclature comments
                Etymology
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 53 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                References (77)