FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\ash2
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ash2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
absent, small, or homeotic discs 2
Annotation Symbol
CG6677
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000139
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
16 publicly available
Gene Summary
absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ash2) encodes a component of the histone methyltransferase complex that specifically methylates lysine 4 of histone H3 and a member of the trithorax family. ash2 mutants show homeotic transformations and a variety of pattern-formation defects. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

ash-2

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
96A13-96A13
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-85
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:24650125..24653376
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (25 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Pérez-Lluch et al., 2011)
enables enzyme binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P20659
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q8IRW8
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W2R3
(Cheng and Shearn, 2004)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VMJ7
(Secombe et al., 2007)
enables transcription coactivator activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables transcription cis-regulatory region binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000063846
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (14 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (12 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromatin remodeling
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Beltran et al., 2007)
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Iyer et al., 2013)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Amoros et al., 2002)
involved_in imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Angulo et al., 2004)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:kni; FB:FBgn0001320
(Angulo et al., 2004)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:net; FB:FBgn0002931
(Angulo et al., 2004)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:bs; FB:FBgn0004101
(Angulo et al., 2004)
involved_in instar larval development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
involved_in negative regulation of gene expression
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Beltran et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of gene expression
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Beltran et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
involved_in pupal development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pérez-Lluch et al., 2011)
involved_in response to ecdysone
inferred from direct assay
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
involved_in transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling
inferred from mutant phenotype
(LaJeunesse and Shearn, 1995)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in brain development
traceable author statement
(Beltran et al., 2003)
involved_in imaginal disc development
traceable author statement
(Beltran et al., 2003)
involved_in pupal development
traceable author statement
(Beltran et al., 2003)
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of MLL1/2 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Mohan et al., 2011)
part_of MLL3/4 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Mohan et al., 2011)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Carbonell et al., 2013, Cheng and Shearn, 2004)
part_of Set1C/COMPASS complex
inferred from direct assay
(Hallson et al., 2012, Ardehali et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of Set1C/COMPASS complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000063846
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR037353
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ash2) encodes a component of the histone methyltransferase complex that specifically methylates lysine 4 of histone H3 and a member of the trithorax family. ash2 mutants show homeotic transformations and a variety of pattern-formation defects. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
TRR COMPLEX -
The Trithorax-related (Trr) complex is a COMPASS-like complex that mediates the methylation of histone H3K4 and demethylation of histone H3K27. (Adapted from FBrf0216343 and FBrf0218498).
COMPASS COMPLEX -
COMPASS is a histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex thought to be responsible for the bulk of the histone H3K4 di- and trimethylation in Drosophila. (Adapted from FBrf0216343).
TRX COMPLEX -
The Trithorax (Trx) complex is a COMPASS-like complex that mediates methylation of histone H3K4. (Adapted from FBrf0216343).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Transcriptional regulator. Regulates a number of genes involved in wing development including activation of net and bs and repression of rho and kni and controls vein-intervein patterning during wing development. Required for correct expression of a number of homeotic genes including Scr in the first leg imaginal disk and Ubx in the third leg imaginal disk and haltere disks. Required for stabilization of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase trr and for trimethylation of 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Together with sktl probably plays a role in maintenance of transcriptionally active chromatin through down-regulation of histone H1 hyperphosphorylation (PubMed:15280236).
(UniProt, Q94545)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
ash2
Most alleles homozygous lethal; stage of lethality variable. Surviving and pharate adults display transformations similar to those indicated for ash1.
mad: many abnormal discs (A. Shearn)
Homozygous lethal; labial and wing discs appear normal; eye-antenna, prothoracic, haltere, leg, and genital discs homeotically transformed. Disc and cell autonomous.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

trithorax family member - component of the histone methyltransferase complex that specifically methylates lysine 4 of histone H3 - downregulating histone H1 hyperphosphorylation - depletion cause homeotic transformations and pattern-formation defects

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ash2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q94545)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
ash2-RB
FBtr0084659
NM_170160
1413
350
ash2-RC
FBtr0084660
NM_176558
1949
556
ash2-RE
FBtr0306171
NM_001260363
1271
220
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.0 (northern blot)

(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
ash2-PB
FBpp0084039
39.7
350
6.76
NP_733024
AAN14010
ash2-PC
FBpp0084040
63.2
556
6.92
Q94545
NP_788735
AAO41602
ash2-PE
FBpp0297301
25.2
220
6.24
A0A0B4K7H6
NP_001247292
AFH06609
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

94 (kD observed)

(Papoulas et al., 1998)

572 (aa); 64.8 (kD predicted)

(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1C/COMPASS complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1 (PubMed:21694722, PubMed:21875999). Component of the MLL3/4 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase/demethylase TRR) complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6 (PubMed:21875999). Interacts with hcf (PubMed:17466076). Interacts with trr (PubMed:23197473).

(UniProt, Q94545)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ash2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.19

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data

The ash2 transcript is present throughout development.

(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
late third instar larval stage
imaginal disc
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
embryonic/larval fat body
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage -- pupal stage
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data

In Western blots, a 70 kD protein is detected in 2nd and 3rd instar larvae and a 53 kD protein is detected in pupae. The ash2 protein is detected in imaginal discs and in the nuclei of salivary gland and fat body cells.

(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of MLL1/2 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Mohan et al., 2011)
part_of MLL3/4 complex
inferred from direct assay
(Mohan et al., 2011)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Carbonell et al., 2013)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Carbonell et al., 2013, Cheng and Shearn, 2004)
part_of Set1C/COMPASS complex
inferred from direct assay
(Hallson et al., 2012, Ardehali et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ash2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 26 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 13 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ash2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ash2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 8 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal | adult stage | recessive
lethal | prepupal stage | recessive
lethal | pupal stage | recessive
lethal | recessive
lethal | recessive | heat sensitive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of prepupal stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with ash21)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage (with ash214)
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive | heat sensitive
partially lethal - majority die
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
sterile
sterile | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage | somatic clone
increased cell death
some die during immature adult stage | recessive
some die during immature adult stage | recessive | heat sensitive
some die during larval stage | recessive
some die during pharate adult stage | recessive
some die during prepupal stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4Tub.PU
some die during pupal stage (with ash21)
some die during pupal stage (with ash214)
some die during pupal stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage | recessive | heat sensitive
visible
visible (with ash214)
visible (with ash218)
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
abdominal anterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdaa, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
adult mesothoracic segment | ectopic
adult prothoracic segment | ectopic
antenna
anterior fascicle & synapse, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
capitellum
capitellum & macrochaeta
crossvein | ectopic
crossvein | ectopic (with In(3R)Ubx7LLatsR)
genitalia
haltere
haltere pedicel
imaginal disc
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9
larval intersegmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
macrochaeta | ectopic
macrochaeta | ectopic (with ash23)
macrochaeta | ectopic (with ash214)
macrochaeta | ectopic (with ash218)
macrochaeta | ectopic (with Df(3R)ash18)
metathoracic leg
metathoracic leg (with ash21)
metathoracic leg (with ash29)
proboscis
prothoracic leg
prothoracic segment | dorsal
scabellum
thorax & macrochaeta (with ash214)
thorax & macrochaeta (with ash218)
thorax & macrochaeta (with Df(3R)ash18)
tormogen cell | ectopic (with ash214)
tormogen cell | ectopic (with ash218)
tormogen cell | ectopic (with Df(3R)ash18)
type II neuroblast | larval stage | somatic clone
type I neuroblast | ectopic | larval stage | somatic clone
wing
wing (with In(3R)Ubx7LLatsR)
wing & macrochaeta (with ash23)
wing & macrochaeta (with ash218)
wing & macrochaeta (with Df(3R)ash18)
wing & sensillum campaniformium (with ash27)
wing & sensillum campaniformium (with ash218)
wing & sensillum campaniformium (with Df(3R)ash18)
wing | somatic clone
wing cell | somatic clone
wing disc
wing margin | posterior
wing margin bristle
wing vein
wing vein | ectopic
wing vein | ectopic | somatic clone
wing vein | somatic clone
wing vein L1 | somatic clone
wing vein L2
wing vein L2 | ectopic | somatic clone
wing vein L3
wing vein L3 | ectopic | somatic clone
wing vein L5
wing vein L5 | ectopic | somatic clone
wing vein L6 | ectopic | somatic clone
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Hsap\ASH2L
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\HNRNPU
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PHF1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RSPRY1
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Ash2l
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Hnrnpu
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Phf1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Rspry1
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Ash2l
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Hnrnpu
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Phf1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rspry1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\ash2l
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\b3gntl1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\hnrnpul1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\phf1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
Drer\ash2l
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\hnrnpul1l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mtf2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\phf1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ranbp9
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ranbp10
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\rnf123
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\ash-2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\tofu-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\Y55F3BR.1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003705
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004765
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009295
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (2)
Atha\TRO
9 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\RKP
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\BRE2
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\ash2
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ash2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
Ddx1
1 of 13
Kpc1
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    ash2HMC05816
    model of  congenital heart disease
    CEA
    (Zhu et al., 2024)
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    ash2EY03971
    exacerbates  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 10
    modeled by Hsap\TARDBPUAS.cEa
    (Berson et al., 2017)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ASH2L; ASH2 like, histone lysine methyltransferase complex subunit
    14 of 14
    604782
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        ash2 - Cfp1
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Dpy-30L1
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Hcf
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011, Beltran et al., 2007)
        ash2 - Hr78
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        ash2 - Kdm5
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Secombe et al., 2007)
        ash2 - Lpt
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Mnn1
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Myc
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Secombe et al., 2007)
        ash2 - Ncoa6
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Pa1
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Ptip
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Rbbp5
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based, inferred by curator
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Set1
        pull down, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, cosedimentation
        (Hallson et al., 2012, Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Ubx
        bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy
        (Bischof et al., 2018)
        ash2 - Utx
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - Wdr82
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - sktl
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid, pull down, anti tag western blot
        (Cheng and Shearn, 2004)
        ash2 - trr
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - trx
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Carbonell et al., 2013, Mohan et al., 2011)
        ash2 - wds
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Mohan et al., 2011)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        ash2
        enhanceable
        bs
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        ash2
        enhanceable
        Egfr
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        ash2
        enhanceable
        sktl
        (Cheng and Shearn, 2004)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Antp
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
        cv-2
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Amoros et al., 2002)
        CycE
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (Brumby et al., 2002)
        E(z)
        enhanceable
        ash2|ash1
        (Bajusz et al., 2001)
        Egfr
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        Egfr
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        fs(1)h
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (Shearn, 1989)
        kni
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        Lpt
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Chauhan et al., 2012)
        Myc
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Furrer et al., 2010, Secombe et al., 2007)
        rho|vn
        suppressible
        ash2
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        rl
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (Angulo et al., 2004)
        Ubx
        enhanceable
        ash2
        (LaJeunesse and Shearn, 1995)
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Core component of several methyltransferase-containing complexes. Component of the SET1C/COMPASS complex, composed at least of the catalytic subunit Set1, wds/WDR5, Wdr82, Rbbp5, ash2, Cfp1/CXXC1, hcf and Dpy-30L1 (PubMed:21694722, PubMed:21875999). Component of the MLL3/4 (Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase/demethylase TRR) complex composed at least of the catalytic subunit trr, ash2, Rbbp5, Dpy-30L1, wds, hcf, ptip, Pa1, Utx, Lpt and Ncoa6 (PubMed:21875999). Interacts with hcf (PubMed:17466076). Interacts with trr (PubMed:23197473).
        (UniProt, Q94545 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-85
        Cytogenetic map
        96A13-96A13
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        96A13-96A13
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}crb07207&P{PZ}BRWD305842 and P{EP}CycB3EP3127
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        96A17-96A19
        (Adamsom, 1996.10.9)
        96A11-96A16
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Deak et al., 1997)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-85

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-84.1

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        3-78.6

        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (16)
        Genomic Clones (19)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (198)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Carbonell et al., 2013, Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for ash2 protein in Kc167 cells; see Chromatin_types_NKI collection report. Individual protein-binding experiments listed under "Samples" at GEO_GSE22069 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE22069).

            (Filion et al., 2010)

            ash2 has a role in wing development.

            (Amoros et al., 2002)

            Phenotypes of ash2 mutants that survive to the end of metamorphosis reveal that the ash2 gene product does not solely regulate homeotic selector genes. Pattern formation abnormalities are observed on mutant legs and wings. ash2 is a nuclear protein that is present in larval imaginal discs at a low level and at a much higher level in imaginal discs after puparium formation. The size of the ash2 protein changes dramatically at the end of the third larval instar suggesting that the protein has different functions in larvae than in pupae.

            (Adamson and Shearn, 1996)

            ash1 and ash2 are trans-regulatory elements of homeotic selector gene regulation. ash2 is required for the functioning of the Ubx ABX/BX enhancer element, regulation involves different cis-regulatory regions that than of ash1.

            (LaJeunesse and Shearn, 1995)

            Mutations in ash2 give rise to homeotic transformations.

            (Gonzalez et al., 1989)

            Genetic tests were used to confirm that ash1 and ash2 belong to a functionally related class of genes, mutations in which cause a wide variety of homeotic transformations that are similar to the transformations caused by trx. Double heterozygotes of ash2 alleles and Df(3R)red-P93 show a significant penetrance of homeotic transformations.

            (Shearn, 1989)

            A member of the trithorax group of genes.

            Most alleles homozygous lethal; stage of lethality variable. Surviving and pharate adults display transformations similar to those indicated for ash1. Homozygous lethal; labial and wing discs appear normal; eye-antenna, prothoracic, haltere, leg and genital discs homeotically transformed. Disc and cell autonomous.

            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: l(3)S112411 ash2

            (Amoros et al., 2002)
            Additional comments

            "ash2" mutations complement alleles of "aor".

            (Gonzalez et al., 1989)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: ash2 CG6677

            (Kodira, 1999.11)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (18)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            1124/11
            (Deak et al., 1997)
            291.8
            (Adamson and Shearn, 1996)
            703
            ASH2
            (Llorens-Giralt et al., 2021, Kingston and Tamkun, 2014, Lloret-Llinares et al., 2012, Schuettengruber et al., 2011, Filion et al., 2010, Mills, 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Schwartz and Pirrotta, 2007, Papoulas et al., 1998)
            Ash2
            (Martinez, 2025, Yheskel et al., 2023, Kang et al., 2022, Cenik and Shilatifard, 2021, Chaouch and Lasko, 2021, Vidaurre and Chen, 2021, Chetverina et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Piunti and Shilatifard, 2016, Hallson et al., 2012, Shilatifard, 2012, Ardehali et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011, Guenin et al., 2010, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Secombe et al., 2007)
            Ash2L
            (McDonald et al., 2021)
            CG6677
            (Çiçek et al., 2016, Ardehali et al., 2011, Mohan et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Grieder et al., 2007, Bienz, 2006, Guertin et al., 2006, Klebes et al., 2005, Kraut et al., 2001, Kraut et al., 2001)
            ash-2
            (Bloyer et al., 1999, Fauvarque et al., 1995, Gindhart and Kaufman, 1995, Gonzalez et al., 1989)
            ash2
            (Cabrita et al., 2025, Owings and Chow, 2024, Kim et al., 2023, Zhang et al., 2022, Jiang et al., 2019, Leatham-Jensen et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Dasari et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Kučerová et al., 2016, Bartok et al., 2015, Dent et al., 2015, Ghasemi et al., 2015, Kallsen et al., 2015, Tiebe et al., 2015, Ghezzi et al., 2014, Komori et al., 2014, Czech et al., 2013, Iyer et al., 2013, Li et al., 2013, Vasanthi et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Ji et al., 2012, Di Stefano et al., 2011, Blanco et al., 2010, Ghezzi et al., 2010, Smulders-Srinivasan et al., 2010, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Khan et al., 2009, Blanco et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Vázquez et al., 2008, Beltran et al., 2007, Carbonell et al., 2007, Chang et al., 2007, de la Paz Fernandez et al., 2007, Grieder et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2007, Angulo et al., 2004, Loop et al., 2004)
            l(3)112411
            (Amoros et al., 2002)
            l(3)S112411
            l(3)SG65
            mad
            Name Synonyms
            Absent, small or homeotic disc 2
            (Piunti and Shilatifard, 2016)
            absent small or homeotic discs 2
            (Li et al., 2013)
            absent, small or homeotic discs 2
            (Beltran et al., 2007)
            absent, small, or homeotic discs 2
            (Swaminathan et al., 2010)
            many abnormal discs
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0060470
            Datasets (1)
            Study focus (1)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            • transgene_used
            FBGSE22069
            Protein profiling reveals five principal chromatin types in Drosophila cells.
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 62 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            References (163)