FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\NC2β
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\NC2β
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Negative Cofactor 2β
Annotation Symbol
CG4185
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0028926
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Summary
Bifunctional basic transcription factor. Activates transcription of DPE (Downstream Promoter Element) containing promoters while repressing transcription of promoters which contain TATA elements (PubMed:11062130). Together with Chrac-14, promotes nucleosome sliding of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes (PubMed:18327268). (UniProt, Q9VJQ5)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Dr1, BG:DS00929.3 , NC2 beta

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
35B8-35B8
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-50
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:15007813..15008538
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (16 terms)
Molecular Function (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:NC2α; FB:FBgn0034650
(Willy et al., 2000)
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W2E3
(Willy et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables general transcription initiation factor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR042225
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009072
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000115754
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables TBP-class protein binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000115754
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chromatin remodeling
inferred from direct assay
(Suganuma et al., 2008)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hsu et al., 2008)
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
involved_in positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hsu et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR042225
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000115754
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of ATAC complex
inferred from direct assay
(Suganuma et al., 2012)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Ada2a; FB:FBgn0263738
(Suganuma et al., 2008)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of negative cofactor 2 complex
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR042225
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000115754
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the NC2 beta/DR1 family. (Q9VJQ5)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ATAC COMPLEX -
The Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex is a metazoan histone acetyltransferase complex. It positively regulates gene transcription and, although it does not have any intrinsic remodeling activity, facilitates nucleosome sliding of ISWI and SWI-SNF families of chromatin-remodeling complexes. (Adapted from FBrf0204126).
UNCLASSIFIED DNA BINDING DOMAIN TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
This group comprises DNA-binding transcription factors that do not classify under other domain-based transcription factor groups in FlyBase.
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Bifunctional basic transcription factor. Activates transcription of DPE (Downstream Promoter Element) containing promoters while repressing transcription of promoters which contain TATA elements (PubMed:11062130). Together with Chrac-14, promotes nucleosome sliding of ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes (PubMed:18327268).
(UniProt, Q9VJQ5)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\NC2β for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VJQ5)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
NC2β-RA
FBtr0080695
NM_135892
726
183
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
NC2β-PA
FBpp0080256
20.9
183
4.31
Q9VJQ5
NP_609736
AAF53428
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268). Homodimer (PubMed:18327268). Interacts with NC2-alpha/Drap1 to form the dNC2 complex (PubMed:11062130).

(UniProt, Q9VJQ5)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\NC2β using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.31

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of ATAC complex
inferred from direct assay
(Suganuma et al., 2012)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Ada2a; FB:FBgn0263738
(Suganuma et al., 2008)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Willy et al., 2000)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\NC2β in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 0 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of NC2β
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of NC2β
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2L)Exel7061
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
Hsap\DR1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\NFYB
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\POLE3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
Rnor\Dr1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Chrac1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC100362333
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nfyb
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pole3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\RGD1560349
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Mmus\Dr1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Nfyb
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pole3
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\dr1
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\nfyb
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\dr1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\nfyba
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\nfybb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pole3
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\dro-1
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\nfyb-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\T26A5.8
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010322
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000441
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005051
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008027
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008344
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012825
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (13)
Atha\NF-YB12
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\NF-YB13
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\LEC1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB1
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB2
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB3
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB4
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB5
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB6
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB7
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB8
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB10
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\NF-YB11
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\NCB2
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\DPB4
1 of 13
No
No
Scer\HAP3
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (3)
Spom\SPBC30D10.02
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\dpb4
1 of 12
No
No
Spom\php3
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:NC2β. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
Nf-YB
2 of 13
Chrac-14
1 of 13
tau
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    DR1; down-regulator of transcription 1
    14 of 14
    601482
         
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        NC2β - Ada2a
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular sieving, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Suganuma et al., 2012, Suganuma et al., 2008)
        NC2β - Atac1
        experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        NC2β - Atac2
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, molecular sieving, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
        (Suganuma et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Suganuma et al., 2010, Suganuma et al., 2008)
        NC2β - Chrac-14
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Suganuma et al., 2010, Suganuma et al., 2008)
        NC2β - D12
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011, Suganuma et al., 2010)
        NC2β - Dbx
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        NC2β - Gcn5
        experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        NC2β - Hcf
        experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        NC2β - Jra
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Suganuma et al., 2010)
        NC2β - MBD-R2
        experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        NC2β - Mocs2B
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, experimental knowledge based
        (Suganuma et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Suganuma et al., 2010, Suganuma et al., 2008)
        NC2β - NC2α
        two hybrid array, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, array technology
        (Shokri et al., 2019, Willy et al., 2000)
        NC2β - Rel
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        NC2β - Sgf29
        experimental knowledge based
        (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
        NC2β - Taf11
        two hybrid
        (Hu et al., 2017.6.13)
        NC2β - Ubx
        bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy
        (Bischof et al., 2018)
        NC2β - da
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        NC2β - hry
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        NC2β - msn
        anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
        (Suganuma et al., 2010)
        NC2β - wds
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Suganuma et al., 2010, Suganuma et al., 2008)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Component of the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) complex composed of at least Ada2a, Atac1, Hcf, Ada3, Gcn5, Mocs2B, Charac-14, Atac3, Atac2, NC2beta and wds (PubMed:18327268). Homodimer (PubMed:18327268). Interacts with NC2-alpha/Drap1 to form the dNC2 complex (PubMed:11062130).
        (UniProt, Q9VJQ5 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2L
        Recombination map
        2-50
        Cytogenetic map
        35B8-35B8
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        35B8-35B8
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}elBEP2039&P{PZ}osprJ571 and P{lacW}Su(H)k07904
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-50

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-47.8

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (11)
        Genomic Clones (19)
        cDNA Clones (542)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
              Other Comments

              Recombinant "NC2" (consisting of both NC2α and NC2β proteins) activates downstream promoter element (DPE)-driven promoters and represses TATA-driven promoters.

              (Willy et al., 2000)
              Relationship to Other Genes
              Source for database merge of
              Additional comments

              "l(2)35Bc" probably corresponds to either " BG:DS00929.4 " or to " BG:DS00929.3 ".

              (Ashburner et al., 1999)

              " BG:DS00929.3 " may correspond to "l(2)35Be" or "l(2)35Bc".

              (Ashburner et al., 1999.10.12)

              Source for identity of BG:DS00929.3 NC2β was sequence comparison ( date:000225 ).

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Nomenclature History
              Source for database identify of

              Source for identity of: BG:DS00929.3 CG4185

              (Kodira, 1999.11)

              Source for identity of: BG:DS00929.3 NC2β

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Nomenclature comments
              Etymology
              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 38 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              References (70)