FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\amn
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\amn
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
amnesiac
Annotation Symbol
CG11937
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0086782
Gene Model Status
Uncertain
Stock Availability
34 publicly available
Gene Summary
amnesiac (amn) encodes an apparent pre-pro-neuropeptide that functions to prolong medium-term memory. In the adult, it is almost entirely concentrated in two large neurosecretory cells (Dorsal Paired Median cells). [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

PACAP38, chpd, Drm-amn, PACAP, cheapdate

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
18F4-19A2
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-64
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:19886108..19890060
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide hormone activity
traceable author statement
(vanden Broeck, 2001)
Biological Process (15 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in behavioral response to ethanol
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wolf et al., 2002)
involved_in behavioral response to pain
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Aldrich et al., 2010)
involved_in learning or memory
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Feany and Quinn, 1995)
involved_in medium-term memory
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005)
involved_in memory
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Keene et al., 2006, Yu et al., 2005, Kamyshev et al., 2000)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from expression pattern
(Waddell et al., 2000)
involved_in olfactory learning
inferred from direct assay
(Keene et al., 2004)
involved_in perineurial glial growth
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yager et al., 2001)
involved_in response to heat
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Aldrich et al., 2010)
involved_in thermosensory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hong et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in anesthesia-resistant memory
traceable author statement
(Heisenberg, 2003)
involved_in courtship behavior
traceable author statement
(Sokolowski, 2001, Greenspan and Ferveur, 2000)
involved_in long-term memory
traceable author statement
(Heisenberg, 2003)
involved_in male courtship behavior
traceable author statement
(Emmons and Lipton, 2003)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
traceable author statement
(vanden Broeck, 2001)
NOT involved_in learning
traceable author statement
(Dubnau and Tully, 2001)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Waddell et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    amnesiac (amn) encodes an apparent pre-pro-neuropeptide that functions to prolong medium-term memory. In the adult, it is almost entirely concentrated in two large neurosecretory cells (Dorsal Paired Median cells). [Date last reviewed: 2019-02-28]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    NEUROPEPTIDES -
    Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Required for associative learning and memory in adults. Expression pattern suggests a modulatory role in memory formation. Controls neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways associated with the structure of the larval peripheral nerve.
    (UniProt, Q24049)
    Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
    amn: amnesiac (J.C. Hall)
    Homozygous or hemizygous mutant flies can be conditioned to avoid odors associated with electric shocks, but effects of conditioning decay with a half life of 15 min compared to 60 min for normal. Memory decay biphasic; rapid for first hour and slow thereafter (Tully). Substitution of reward (1.0 M sucrose) for punishment (electric shock) lengthens memory span from one hour to six hours (Tempel, Bonini, Dawson, and Quinn, 1983, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 1482-86). Groups of amn flies exhibit apparently abnormal acquisition of learning in tests using visual cues (Folkers, 1982, J. Insect. Physiol. 28: 535-39); it appears that short-term memory is defective in the mutant (in shock-odor tests), with long-term memory being normal (Tully and Quinn, 1985, J. Comp. Physiol. 157: 263-77); in experiments involving "operant" conditioning, with heat as the aversive unconditioned stimulus, amn exhibits a small decrement in learning per se and subsequently has no detectable memory (Mariath, 1985, J. Insect Physiol. 31: 779-81). In tests of "simple learning," amnesiac individuals habituate to or are sensitized by sugar stimuli subnormally; the sensitization defect maps to the same proximal locus as that affecting associative conditioning (Duerr and Quinn, 1982, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 3646-50). The effects on courtship behavior or preexposure to fertilized females decay more rapidly in amnesiac than in normal males (Siegel and Hall, 1979, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 3430-34; Ackerman and Siegel, 1986, J. Neurogenet. 3: 111-23), but amnesiac males are defective in expressing after-effects of exposure to immature wild-type males when tested immediately after such exposure (Gailey, Jackson, and Siegel, 1982, Genetics 102: 771-82). Females defective in ability to be primed by courtship song (Kyriacou and Hall, 1984, Nature (London) 308: 62-65).
    Summary (Interactive Fly)

    pacap-like neuropeptide that activates the cAMP pathway stimulating learning and memory - along with CREB involved in medium-term memory by appetitive gustatory reinforcement in Drosophila larvae

    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    1
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\amn for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q24049)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.46

    Gene model uncertain: The transcript structure and CDS of this gene are not well supported; it is predicted to encode a small neuropeptide (FBrf0132261). Although the CDS as annotated is not conserved, the region corresponding to the predicted post-translationally processed neuropeptide is conserved in the closer Sophophora species.

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    amn-RA
    FBtr0074802
    NM_078692
    3953
    180
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    amn-PA
    FBpp0074571
    20.4
    180
    10.96
    Q24049
    NP_523416
    AAF49025
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)

    170 (aa)

    (Feany and Quinn, 1995)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\amn using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    NA

    Transcript Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Waddell et al., 2000)
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in extracellular space
    inferred from direct assay
    (Waddell et al., 2000)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    Reporter: P{?GawB}amnX8
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    first instar larval stage -- third instar larval stage
    ring gland
    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    wandering third instar larval stage
    prothoracic gland
    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    larval brain | restricted

    Comment: many cells

    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

    Comment: many cells

    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    embryonic/larval gut | restricted

    Comment: subset of cells

    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    embryonic/larval fat body
    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnc651
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    first instar larval stage -- third instar larval stage
    ring gland
    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    wandering third instar larval stage
    prothoracic gland
    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    larval brain | restricted

    Comment: ~5 cells/brain lobe

    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

    Comment: ~2 cells/hemisegment

    (Caldwell et al., 2005)
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Waddell et al., 2000)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP0397
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP2120
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP2140
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP2397
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult stage | female
    adult brain | restricted
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body extrinsic neuron
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 3
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 5
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    dopaminergic PAM neuron 14
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    dopaminergic PAM neuron 13
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP2447
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    pedunculus of adult mushroom body
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body gamma-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP2723
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP3161
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP3174
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP5084
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    pedunculus of adult mushroom body
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body gamma-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP6013
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval neuron | subset of medulla anlage

    Comment: inner region

    (Hasegawa et al., 2011)
    late third instar larval stage
    neuron | subset of medulla
    (Hasegawa et al., 2013)
    prepupal stage P1
    neuron | subset of medulla
    (Hasegawa et al., 2011)
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    pedunculus of adult mushroom body
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    neuron | subset of medulla
    (Hasegawa et al., 2011)
    lamina wide-field 2 neuron
    (Hasegawa et al., 2011)
    adult mushroom body gamma-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP7139
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval nervous system | restricted
    (Rohwedder et al., 2016)
    larval mushroom body dopaminergic neuron k1
    (Rohwedder et al., 2016)
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    pedunculus of adult mushroom body
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body gamma-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP7177
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult stage | female
    adult brain | restricted
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body extrinsic neuron
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 3
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 5
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    dopaminergic PAM neuron 14
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    dopaminergic PAM neuron 13
    (Shuai et al., 2015)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP7203
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}amnNP7231
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval nervous system | restricted
    (Rohwedder et al., 2016)
    larval mushroom body dopaminergic neuron k1
    (Rohwedder et al., 2016)
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Flybrain Neuron Database et al., 2018.6.28, Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    pedunculus of adult mushroom body
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult dopaminergic PAM neuron
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body gamma lobe slice 4
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' anterior-posterior layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 1
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' lobe slice 2
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    mushroom body beta' middle layer
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body gamma-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
    (Tanaka et al., 2008)
    Reporter: P{GawB}c316
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell

    Comment: strong expression

    (Wu et al., 2023, Higham et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2012, Lee et al., 2011, Pitman et al., 2011, Wu et al., 2011, Krashes et al., 2007, Waddell et al., 2000)
    Kenyon cell | subset
    (Wu et al., 2011)
    adult brain | restricted
    (Lee et al., 2011, Wu et al., 2011)
    adult mushroom body alpha-lobe | restricted
    (Pitman et al., 2011)
    adult mushroom body beta-lobe | restricted
    (Pitman et al., 2011)
    mushroom body pedunculus | restricted
    (Pitman et al., 2011)
    neuron | subset of adult brain
    (Chen et al., 2012)
    adult mushroom body

    Comment: medium expression

    (Chen et al., 2012)
    glial cell of adult brain

    Comment: strong expression

    (Chen et al., 2012)
    eye

    Comment: medium expression

    (Chen et al., 2012)
    adult mushroom body beta'-lobe | restricted
    (Pitman et al., 2011)
    adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe | restricted
    (Pitman et al., 2011)
    Reporter: P{PZ}amnchpd
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell
    (Waddell et al., 2000)
    Reporter: P{Switch2}amnGSG3173-3
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    larval intersegmental nerve
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    larval A1-7-innervating RP2 motor neuron
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    larval glial cell of larval brain
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    VL fascicle
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    DL fascicle
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    ring gland
    (Nicholson et al., 2008)
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\amn in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 85 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of amn
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of amn
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 5 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    lethal, with Scer\GAL429BD
    lethal | recessive
    partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4c355
    viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal behavior
    abnormal behavior | recessive
    abnormal courtship behavior
    abnormal learning
    abnormal learning | recessive
    abnormal locomotor behavior | drug conditional
    abnormal memory
    abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4c316, amnUAS.cWa
    abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4c316, amnX8
    abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4Mz717, amnUAS.cWa
    abnormal memory, with Scer\GAL4Mz717, amnX8
    abnormal memory (with amn1)
    abnormal memory (with amnX8)
    abnormal memory | recessive
    abnormal memory | semidominant
    abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage
    abnormal neurophysiology
    abnormal pain response
    abnormal pain response, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
    abnormal pain response (with amn28A)
    abnormal pain response (with amnX8)
    abnormal smell perception
    chemical sensitive
    chemical sensitive | adult stage
    chemical sensitive | recessive
    flightless, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    visible, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
    visible, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
    wild-type
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    anterior fascicle & synapse, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    anterior fascicle & synapse | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    axon | third instar larval stage
    bouton, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    calyx of adult mushroom body
    central nervous system
    CNS surface glial cell
    embryonic/larval heart
    eye, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
    eye, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
    Kenyon cell
    Kenyon cell (with amnc651)
    Kenyon cell (with amnX8)
    larval intersegmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
    myofibril, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
    neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage
    wing vein, with Scer\GAL4c355
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:amn. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    RNA-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    amn - orb2
    pull down, western blot
    (Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    amn
    suppressible
    Adcy1
    (Moore et al., 1998)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Adcy1
    suppressible
    amn
    (Moore et al., 1998)
    Arf6
    enhanceable
    amn
    (Peru Y Colón de Portugal et al., 2012)
    H
    suppressible
    amn
    (Müller et al., 2005)
    pbl
    enhanceable
    amn
    (Gregory et al., 2007)
    Pde4
    suppressible
    amn
    (Feany and Quinn, 1995)
    pnr
    suppressible
    amn
    (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-64
    Cytogenetic map
    18F4-19A2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    18F4-19A2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1116&P{EP}EP1344EP1344 and P{EP}amnEP1649&P{EP}amnEP1442
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    1-64

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    1-63.1

    (Comeron et al., 2012)

    1-

    (Moore et al., 1998)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (34)
    Genomic Clones (18)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (3)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Waddell et al., 2000)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          The expression pattern of amn, together with targetted mutant phenotypic analysis suggests a modulatory role for amn in memory formation. amn neuropeptide release from the dorsal paired medial cells onto the mushroom bodies is critical for normal olfactory memory.

          (Waddell et al., 2000)

          amn plays a role in memory as well as ethanol tolerance, but adult memory formation and ethanol sensitivity have different temporal and spatial requirements for amn function.

          (DeZazzo et al., 1999)

          The larval CNS and neuromuscular junctions have a PACAP-like immunoreactivity. Antibodies raised against mammalian PACAP38 identify a polypeptide of a similar size. Pacap38 may induce two temporally separated muscle responses: an early depolarisation and a late modulation of voltage-activated potassium currents. Muscle response is evoked by a high frequency stimulation of larval motor axons.

          (Zhong and Pena, 1995)

          Synaptic current and modulation of K+ current triggered by Pacap38 are mediated by coactivation of the Ras/Raf (Ras85D/phl) and rut cyclase pathways.

          (Zhong, 1995)

          Homozygous or hemizygous mutant flies can be conditioned to avoid odors associated with electric shocks, but effects of conditioning decay with a half life of 15 min compared to 60 min for normal. Memory decay biphasic; rapid for first hour and slow thereafter.

          (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

          Mutations in amn significantly reduce the females song memory after prestimulation with courtship hums. This suggests a simple sensitization process may be involved with the female pulse song memory (FBrf0041559).

          (Kyriacou, 1990)

          Memory retention curves and retrograde amnesia experiments suggest the amn mutations interferes with early memory formation.

          (Tully et al., 1990)

          The effects on courtship behavior or pre-exposure to fertilized females decay more rapidly in amn than in normal males.

          (Ackerman and Siegel, 1986, Siegel and Hall, 1979)

          Females defective in ability to be primed by courtship song.

          (Kyriacou and Hall, 1984)

          Substitution of reward (1.0 M sucrose) for punishment (electric shock) lengthens memory span from one hour to six hours.

          (Tempel et al., 1983)

          amn males are defective in expressing after-effects of exposure to immature wild-type males when tested immediately after such exposure.

          (Gailey et al., 1982)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: amn Pacap38

          (Bhattacharya et al., 2004)
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: chpd amn

          (Moore et al., 1998)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          Amn
          (Chen et al., 2025, Chen et al., 2016, Griffith, 2013, Peru Y Colón de Portugal et al., 2012, Mensch et al., 2008)
          Anm
          (Lee et al., 2015)
          CG11937
          (Mao et al., 2024, Schwartz et al., 2016, Meadows, 2014.12.12, Perkins et al., 2009.1.15, Hong et al., 2008, Grieder et al., 2007, Laviolette et al., 2005, Bourbon et al., 2002, Kraut et al., 2001, Kraut et al., 2001)
          Drm-amn
          (Nassel, 2002, vanden Broeck, 2001)
          EP(X)1442
          (Pena-Rangel et al., 2002)
          PACAP
          (Bendena et al., 2012, Burrell and Sahley, 2001)
          PACAP-38
          (vanden Broeck, 2001)
          PACAP-like
          (Zhong et al., 1993)
          PACAP38
          (Hannan et al., 1997, Zhong, 1995, Zhong, 1995)
          PACAP38-like
          (Zhong and Pena, 1995)
          Pacap38
          amn
          (Chvilicek et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2023, Wang et al., 2023, Dvořáček et al., 2022, Kubrak et al., 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Ganguly et al., 2021, Li and Hidalgo, 2021, Park et al., 2021, Raun et al., 2021, Turrel et al., 2020, Bozler et al., 2019, Engel et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Shih et al., 2019, Croset et al., 2018, Turrel et al., 2018, Dove et al., 2017, Park et al., 2017, Schoofs et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Crocker et al., 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Grotewiel and Bettinger, 2015, Liu et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Jalvingh et al., 2014, de Celis et al., 2013.9.11, Robinson and Atkinson, 2013, Cole et al., 2012.7.6, Kaun et al., 2012, Carreira et al., 2011, Guan et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2011, Aldrich et al., 2010, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Venken et al., 2010, Zars, 2010, Campbell et al., 2009, Carreira et al., 2009, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009, Lebreton and Martin, 2009, Ruedi and Hughes, 2009, Yin et al., 2009, Hong et al., 2008, Hong et al., 2008, Honjo et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2008, Motosaka et al., 2007, Reiter et al., 2007, van Swinderen, 2007, Yamazaki et al., 2007, Griffith, 2006, Yu et al., 2006, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005, Johnson et al., 2005, Laviolette et al., 2005, Melcher and Pankratz, 2005, Yu et al., 2005, Bhattacharya et al., 2004, Cho et al., 2004, Davis, 2004, Keene et al., 2004, Preat, 2004, Dubnau et al., 2003, Hall, 2003, Hall, 2002, Kitamoto, 2002, Yager et al., 2001, Kamyshev et al., 2000, Barth and Heisenberg, 1997)
          amnesiac
          (Mariano et al., 2020)
          chpd
          (Sheardown et al., 2022, Moore et al., 1998)
          dAmn
          (van de Leemput et al., 2022)
          Name Synonyms
          Amnesiac
          (Ly et al., 2018, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Mensch et al., 2008, Nassel, 2002)
          Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide
          Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide-like
          (Zhong and Pena, 1995)
          amnesiac
          (Cognigni et al., 2018, Schoofs et al., 2017, Preat and Goguel, 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Chi et al., 2014, Dubnau and Chiang, 2013, Griffith, 2013, Neckameyer and Argue, 2013, Perisse et al., 2013, Potdar and Sheeba, 2013, Robertson and Keene, 2013, Iliadi et al., 2012, Kaun et al., 2012, Morozova et al., 2012, Guan et al., 2011, Hasegawa et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2011, Aldrich et al., 2010, Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010, Bhandari et al., 2009, Carreira et al., 2009, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009, Khurana et al., 2009, Ruedi and Hughes, 2009, Yin et al., 2009, Hong et al., 2008, Hong et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2008, Nicholson et al., 2008, Gregory et al., 2007, Yamazaki et al., 2007, Griffith, 2006, Keene et al., 2006, Reaume and Sokolowski, 2006, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005, Johnson et al., 2005, Bhattacharya et al., 2004, Davis, 2004, Keene et al., 2004, Preat, 2004, Dubnau et al., 2003, Hall, 2003, Hall, 2002, Kitamoto, 2002, Yager et al., 2001, Kamyshev et al., 2000, Wu et al., 2000, Barth and Heisenberg, 1997)
          cheap date
          (Lehrman, 2004)
          cheapdate
          (Morozova et al., 2012, Moore et al., 1998)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0000076
          • FBgn0015274
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 47 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          References (306)