FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Arf6
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Arf6
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
ADP ribosylation factor 6
Annotation Symbol
CG8156
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0013750
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) belongs to the Arf family, which are members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Arf proteins are involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking mediating processes such as cargo-sorting, vesicle assembly and membrane fusion. Arf proteins regulate cell shape changes and cell movements in multiple organs. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Arf51F, dArf6, Arf3

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-74
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:15322501..15325490
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (23 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables GTP binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000917851
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006689, InterPro:IPR041838
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P40994
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:E1JIT7
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q08180
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q7KTX2
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q8MRA3
acts_upstream_of_positive_effect imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in myoblast fusion
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:E1JIT7
involved_in spermatogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000918181
non-traceable author statement
traceable author statement
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000918181
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
colocalizes_with adherens junction
inferred from direct assay
located_in cleavage furrow
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
located_in early endosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000917851
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002619726
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family. (P40946)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
GTPase activity
RHEA 19669:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) belongs to the Arf family, which are members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Arf proteins are involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking mediating processes such as cargo-sorting, vesicle assembly and membrane fusion. Arf proteins regulate cell shape changes and cell movements in multiple organs. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ARF GTPASES -
The ADP-Ribosylation Factor (Arf) family are members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases. Arfs are involved in the regulation of vesicular trafficking mediating processes such as cargo-sorting, vesicle assembly and membrane fusion. (Adapted from PMID:15731001).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
GTP-binding protein involved in protein trafficking; may modulate vesicle budding and uncoating within the Golgi apparatus (By similarity). Promotes cell movement and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during compound eye morphogenesis (PubMed:21976699). Required for normal ethanol-induced tolerance and preference (PubMed:28607459). Probably after Efa6-mediated activation, counteracts ethanol-induced sedation (PubMed:28607459). ACTIVITY REGULATION: Activation is generally mediated by a guanine exchange factor (GEF), while inactivation through hydrolysis of bound GTP is catalyzed by a GTPase activating protein (GAP) (By similarity). May be activated by Efa6 (PubMed:28607459).
(UniProt, P40946)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Arf6 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P40946)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0087378
1352
175
FBtr0087376
1323
175
FBtr0087377
1370
175
FBtr0087375
1939
175
FBtr0087379
1357
175
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.4 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0086510
20.0
175
9.41
FBpp0086508
20.0
175
9.41
FBpp0086509
20.0
175
9.41
FBpp0086507
20.0
175
9.41
FBpp0086511
20.0
175
9.41
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

175 aa isoforms: Arf6-PA, Arf6-PB, Arf6-PC, Arf6-PD, Arf6-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Arf6 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.68

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism | ubiquitous

Comment: maternally deposited

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Arf6 transcripts are significantly more abundant in heads than in other adult body parts

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
colocalizes_with adherens junction
inferred from direct assay
located_in cleavage furrow
inferred from direct assay
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
located_in early endosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Arf6 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 20 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Arf6
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Arf6
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 5 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (48)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (29)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (30)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (36)
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
5 of 13
No
Yes
4 of 13
No
No
4 of 13
No
Yes
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (44)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (34)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (18)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (27)
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
4 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (9)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (4)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
3 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Arf6. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (21)
5 of 13
5 of 13
4 of 13
4 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
External Data
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2R
Recombination map
2-74
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
51F6-51F6
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}scb01288 and P{lacW}dupk03308
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (13)
Genomic Clones (13)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (81)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
 
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

      Arf51F is characterised: tissue distribution, gene structure and chromosome mapping. Functional properties of the recombinant protein is studied in vitro.

      Encodes a small GTP-binding protein of the ADP-ribosymation factor family.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Arf6 Arf51F

      Nomenclature comments

      Renamed from Arf51F to Arf6 to reflect usage in the literature.

      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (23)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      ARF3
      ARFIII
      Dm Arf51F
      Name Synonyms
      ADP ribosylation factor 51F
      ADP ribosylation factor 6
      ADP ribosylation factor III
      ADP ribosylation factor at 51F
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        References (126)