FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Mdh1

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Mdh1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Malate dehydrogenase 1

Annotation Symbol

CG5362

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0262782

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

12 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

(S)-malate dehydrogenase (NAD(+), oxaloacetate-forming) (1.1.1.37)

Gene Summary

Malate dehydrogenase 1 (Mdh1) encodes a cytosolic enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of S-malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. It is involved in gluconeogenesis and the malate-aspartate shuttle. [Date last reviewed: 2024-09-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Mdh, Mdh-1, cMdh, Malate dehydrogenase

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

31E1-31E1

Sequence location

2L:10,393,774..10,396,332 [-]

Recombination map

2-42

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:10393774..10396332

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)

Molecular Function (5 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

inferred from direct assay

(Alahiotis, 1979, Lee et al., 1979, McReynolds and Kitto, 1970)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables catalytic activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015955

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011274

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000600336

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables malate dehydrogenase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001252, InterPro:IPR010945

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557, InterPro:IPR015955, InterPro:IPR022383

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables oxidoreductase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001236

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in malate metabolic process

inferred from direct assay

(Alahiotis, 1979)

involved_in oxaloacetate metabolic process

inferred from direct assay

(Alahiotis, 1979)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in carboxylic acid metabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001557

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in gluconeogenesis

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P22133

(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)

involved_in malate metabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000600336

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001252, InterPro:IPR010945, InterPro:IPR011274

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in malate-aspartate shuttle

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P40925

(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)

involved_in NAD+ metabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000600336

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in oxaloacetate metabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000600336

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in tricarboxylic acid cycle

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000600336

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Alahiotis, 1979)

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Lee et al., 1979)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytosol

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001157397

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

located_in peroxisome

inferred from sequence model

(Faust et al., 2012)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

L-MALATE DEHYDROGENASES

Pathway (FlyBase)

GLUCONEOGENESIS

MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

L-malate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity

(S)-malate + NAD(+) = oxaloacetate + NADH + H(+) (1.1.1.37)

RHEA 21432: oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-OH group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

L-MALATE DEHYDROGENASES -: L-malate dehydrogenases are NAD-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze interconversion of the substrates malate and oxaloacetate. This reaction plays key role in the malate/aspartate shuttle across the mitochondrial membrane, and in the tricarboxylic acid cycle within the mitochondrial matrix. (Adapted from PMID:12537350.)

Pathway (FlyBase)

GLUCONEOGENESIS -: Gluconeogenesis converts non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate, lactate, alanine, glutamine and glycerol into glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6P) and plays a crucial role in maintaining sugar homeostasis when dietary carbohydrates are limited. The pathway starts in the mitochondrion with the production of oxaloacetate which, via a series of enzymatic reactions and transport, is converted to cytosolic oxaloacetate which in turn is decarboxylated and phosphorylated to form phosphoenolpyruvate. The subsequent steps involved in the production of Glc-6P are the reverse reactions of glycolysis, only the penultimate step, the dephosphorylation of fructose 1,6-phosphate, is carried out by a different enzyme Fbp. In D. melanogaster, Glc-6P is mainly converted into the disaccharide trehalose, the main hemolymph sugar. However, in a subset of neurons, Glc-6P is converted in the endoplasmic reticulum into glucose. (Adapted from FBrf0236342 and PMID:33397651.)
MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE -: The malate-aspartate shuttle is composed of two cytosolic enzymes, two mitochondrial enzymes and two transporters. It is used to transport reducing equivalents from the cytosol to the mitochondrion, since cytosolic NADH cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane directly. The shuttle regenerates cytosolic NAD(+) to sustain cytosolic oxidative pathways such as glycolysis and provides reducing equivalents in the form of NADH for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (Adapted from PMID:38945121.)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

Mdh1: Malate dehydrogenase

The structural gene for the cytoplasmic, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase = (S)-Malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase [MDH1 (EC 1.1.1.37)]. Extracts from homozygotes produce two bands of activity plus a lighter, more electronegative band on gels; heterozygotes produce hybrid bands, indicating that the enzyme is a dimeric molecule. Subunit molecular weight estimated at 30,000 Daltons. Not necessary for survival, since Mdh1n1/Df(2L)J is viable. Purification and biochemical characterization carried out by McReynolds and Kitto (1970, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 198: 165-75), Hay and Armstrong (1976, Insect Biochem. 6: 367-76), and Alhiotis (1979, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 62B: 375-80).

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Mdh1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VKX2)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Mdh1-RA

FBtr0080050

NM_135550

1159

337

Mdh1-RB

FBtr0345435

NM_001298874

1289

337

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Mdh1-PA

FBpp0079640

36.1

337

7.50

FBpp0311560

36.1

337

7.50

Q9VKX2

NP_001285803

AHN54317

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

337 aa isoforms: Mdh1-PA, Mdh1-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Mdh1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.96

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood

adult heart

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Alahiotis, 1979)

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Lee et al., 1979)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Mdh1 in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Mdh1

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Mdh1

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

34414/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0262782

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0032237

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0262782

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5362

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Mdh1

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Mdh1

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(2L)J2

(Voelker et al., 1979)

Inferred from location ( 7 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^da.PU

Mdh1^KK108844

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PU

Mdh1^KK108844

viable

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Mdh1^GD11625

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Mdh1^GD11625

viable, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PS

Mdh1^KK108844

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mdh1^GD11625

viable, with Scer\GAL4^repo.PU

Mdh1^KK108844

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Mdh1^GD11625

Sterility

Allele

fertile

Mdh1^EY08761

male fertile, with Scer\GAL4^nanos.PG

Mdh1^KK108844

Other Phenotypes

Allele

chemical sensitive

Mdh1^Δ18.1

electrophoretic variant

electrophoretic variant | fast

Mdh1⁶

electrophoretic variant | slow

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mdh1^GD11625

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

chaeta | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mdh1^GD11625

mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mdh1^GD11625

trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mdh1^GD11625

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (9)

Hsap\MDH1

14 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MDH1B

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)

Rnor\Mdh1

14 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Mdh1b

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)

Mmus\Mdh1

12 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Mdh1b

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)

Xtro\mdh1

11 of 13

Yes

Xtro\mdh1b

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\rec8

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\tpte2

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (8)

Drer\mdh1aa

13 of 14

Yes

Drer\mdh1ab

3 of 14

Yes

Drer\mdh1b

3 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)

Cele\mdh-1

13 of 14

Yes

Cele\ldh-1

2 of 14

Cele\mdh-2

2 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP009510

12 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP001903

2 of 12

Agam\AgaP_AGAP004880

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)

Atha\c-NAD-MDH1

13 of 13

Yes

Atha\c-NAD-MDH2

13 of 13

Yes

Atha\c-NAD-MDH3

12 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G58330

5 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)

Scer\MDH2

3 of 13

Yes

Scer\MDH1

2 of 13

Scer\MDH3

2 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)

Spom\SPAC186.08c

2 of 12

Yes

Spom\SPCC306.08c

2 of 12

Yes

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)

Ecol\mdh

2 of 11

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Mdh1. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (5)

CG13334

2 of 13

Ldh

2 of 13

Mdh2b

2 of 13

Mdh2c

2 of 13

Mdh2

2 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

MDH1; malate dehydrogenase 1

model of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 88

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Mdh1^EY08761

exacerbates Huntington's disease

modeled by Hsap\HTT^{128Q.1-336.UAS}

(Al-Ramahi et al., 2018)

Mdh1^GD11625

ameliorates cancer

modeled by brat^HMS01121

(Hussain et al., 2017)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

MDH1; malate dehydrogenase 1

14 of 14

154200

DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 88; DEE88

developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 88

MDH1B; malate dehydrogenase 1B

3 of 14

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

brat

suppressible

Mdh1

(Hussain et al., 2017)

External Data

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0262782

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

GLUCONEOGENESIS
MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE

External Links

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Malate-aspartate shuttle

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Class of Gene

gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-42

Cytogenetic map

31E1-31E1

Sequence location

2L:10,393,774..10,396,332 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

31E1-31E1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}RnrL^k06709 and P{lacW}KdelR^k00311

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-42

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-35.2

(Comeron et al., 2012)

2-35.3

(Harada et al., 1993)

(Choudhary et al., 1992)

2-41.2

(Grell, 1969)

2-37.2

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

(Grell, 1969)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (12)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

4006

Mdh1^nNC1/SM1

16435

y¹ w^67c23; P{EPgy2}Mdh1^EY08761

2369

SM1, Got2¹ Gpdh1^A Mdh1⁴ Adh^F Cndp2⁴ Hex-C⁴ Amy-d¹/Got2² Gpdh1^B Mdh1⁶ Adh^S Cndp2² Hex-C⁶ Amy-p² Amy-d³

Kyoto

107551

Mdh1^nNC1 / SM1

101983

Gpdh1^B Mdh1^S Adh^F ; Fdh^F Aldox89A^S

101984

Gpdh1^B Mdh1^S Adh^S ; Fdh^S Aldox89A^S

107289

SM1, Got2¹ Gpdh1^A Mdh1⁴ Adh^F Cndp2⁴ Hex-C⁴ Amy-d¹; Got2² Gpdh1^B Mdh1⁶ Adh^S Cndp2² Hex-C⁶ Amy-p² Amy-d³

NIG-Fly

5362R-1

P{NIG.5362R}1

M2L-2819

y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; Mdh1^SK2 P{neoFRT}40A/CyO-Tb

2LG-2090

y² VhaAC39-1^cho-1 v¹; P{U6-Mdh1.NIG.sgRNA}attP40/CyO

VDRC

v110604

P{KK108844}VIE-260B

v27398

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD11625}v27398

Genomic Clones (23)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (320)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

GH01866

Other clones

MIP29808

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0262782

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

The response of Mdh1 to Juvenile hormone (JH) depends on the developmental stage of the fly relative to its endogenous titre of ecdysteroids. During the interecdysial period of the last instar Mdh1 rapidly responds to JH by increasing activity, little or no response is monitored in wandering (post feeding) larvae.

(Farkas and Knopp, 1997)

Mdh1 enzyme activity has been measured in D.melanogaster lines in which spontaneous mutations have accumulated over approximately 300 mutations.

(Harada, 1995)

Pattern of allele frequency has been studied for seven loci, Aph-3, Est-6, Adh, Fdh, Aldox-1, Gpdh and Mdh1, in wild Indian populations of D.melanogaster : the allelic frequency patterns do not agree with those from temperate region populations.

(Parkash et al., 1993)

Gramoxone has no mutagenic effect on the genetic background of Mdh1.

(el Abidin Salam et al., 1993)

The synergistic effects of the Adh locus, or a tightly linked locus, on the quantities of the Mdh1, Gpdh, Pgm, Idh, Men and Gapdh1 gene products in D.melanogaster derived from an African population has been determined.

(Li, 1992)

No difference in allele fixed in lines selected over 700 generations for high (negative) and low (positive) geotaxis.

(Stoltenberg et al., 1992)

No linkage disequilibrium has been detected between Gpdh, Mdh1, Adh, Hex-C, Est-C or Fdh.

(Mukai and Voelker, 1977)

The structural gene for the cytoplasmic, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase = (S)-Malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (MDH1). Extracts from homozygotes produce two bands of activity plus a lighter, more electronegative band on gels; heterozygotes produce hybrid bands, indicating that the enzyme is a dimeric molecule. Subunit molecular weight estimated at 30,000 Daltons. Not necessary for survival, since Mdh1ⁿ¹/Df(2L)J2 is viable. Purification and biochemical characterization carried out by McReynolds and Kitto (1970), Hay and Armstrong (1976) and Alahiotis (1979).

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Mdh1 CG5362

(Sezgin et al., 2004)

Additional comments

For the electrophoretic variants, the Research Triangle Park conventions (1978) are used.

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (21)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG5362

(Delamotte et al., 2025, Müller-Eigner et al., 2024, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Widmer et al., 2018, Baron et al., 2016, Caizzi et al., 2016, Volkenhoff et al., 2015, Faust et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cammarato et al., 2011, Kong et al., 2010, Eanes et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Beller et al., 2006, Sezgin et al., 2004)

CT17038

(Ceriani et al., 2002)

MDH

(Léger et al., 2024, Nanda et al., 2024, Gospodaryov et al., 2020, Bondinas et al., 2002, Bondinas et al., 2001, Harada, 1995, Borlase et al., 1993)

MDH-1

(Choudhary et al., 1992)

MDH1

(Anderson-Baron and Simmonds, 2018, Baron et al., 2016)

Mdh

(Kanda et al., 2011, Pecsenye and Saura, 1998, Farkas and Knopp, 1997, Pecsenye and Meglecz, 1995, Pecsenye and Saura, 1995, Pecsenye and Saura, 1995, Matthews and Munstermann, 1994, Parkash and Shamina, 1994, Parkash and Vandna, 1994, Pecsenye and Tothmeresz, 1994, el Abidin Salam et al., 1993, Harada et al., 1993, Ehiobu et al., 1990)

Mdh-1

(Sezgin et al., 2004, Shamina and Parkash, 1994, Zapata and Alvarez, 1992, Mukai and Voelker, 1977, Alahiotis, 1974)

Mdh1

(Meyer et al., 2024, François et al., 2023, Morris et al., 2020, Pridie et al., 2020, Hughes and Simmonds, 2019, Xu et al., 2019, Al-Ramahi et al., 2018, Anderson-Baron and Simmonds, 2018, Widmer et al., 2018, Cogni et al., 2015, Sanhueza et al., 2015, Cao et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014, Eanes et al., 2009, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Mdh2

(Grell, 1969)

MdhD

(Johnson and Schaffer, 1973)

Q9VKX2

(Ebanks et al., 2021)

cMdh

(Hastings, 1992, Burkhart et al., 1984, Racine et al., 1980, Voelker et al., 1979)

mdh1

(González Morales et al., 2023)

sMdh

(Hay and Armstrong, 1976)

Name Synonyms

Malate dehydrogenase

(Müller-Eigner et al., 2024, Ebanks et al., 2021, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Malate dehydrogenase 1

(Anderson-Baron and Simmonds, 2018)

Malic DH

(Arking et al., 2000)

cytoplasmic Mdh

(Voelker et al., 1979)

cytosolic malate dehydrogenase

(Eanes et al., 2009)

malate dehydrogenase

(Léger et al., 2024)

malate dehydrogenase 1

(Wang et al., 2014)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0002699
FBgn0032237

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 52 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

34414

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VKX2

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VKX2

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

34414/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0262782

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0262782

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG5362

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

34414

Linkouts

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0262782

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0262782

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0032237

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0262782

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5362

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0262782

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC008177

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Malate-aspartate shuttle

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Malate-aspartate shuttle

References (111)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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