FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Tbh

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Tbh

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Tyramine β hydroxylase

Annotation Symbol

CG1543

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0010329

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

97 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

dopamine beta-monooxygenase (1.14.17.1)

Gene Summary

Tyramine β hydroxylase (Tbh) encodes a monooxygenase and the key limiting enzyme in octopamine synthesis. It regulates egg laying, positive associative olfactory learning and memory, aggression, flight initiation and maintenance, locomotor activity and attraction to ethanol containing food sources. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Tβh, TβM, tyramine-beta-hydroxylase, tyramine β-monooxygenase, tyramine beta-hydroxylase

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

7D2-7D2

Sequence location

X:7,995,697..8,027,394 [+]

Recombination map

1-22

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:7995697..8027394

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (26 terms)

Molecular Function (6 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Gray et al., 2006)

enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

enables tyramine-beta hydroxylase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Gray et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables catalytic activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008977

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables copper ion binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001605435

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000323, InterPro:IPR036939

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000945

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables monooxygenase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000323, InterPro:IPR036939

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced ascorbate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000323, InterPro:IPR014784, InterPro:IPR020611, InterPro:IPR036939

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (18 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (15 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in aggressive behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhou et al., 2008)

involved_in behavioral response to ethanol

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Scholz et al., 2000)

acts_upstream_of behavioral response to pain

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Li et al., 2023)

involved_in flight behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Brembs et al., 2007)

involved_in inter-male aggressive behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhou et al., 2008)

involved_in larval locomotory behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hardie et al., 2007)

involved_in learning

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhou et al., 2012, Yarali and Gerber, 2010)

involved_in locomotion

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Saraswati et al., 2004)

involved_in male courtship behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhou et al., 2012, Certel et al., 2007)

involved_in mating behavior, sex discrimination

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:fru; FB:FBgn0004652

(Certel et al., 2010)

involved_in memory

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Schwaerzel et al., 2003)

involved_in octopamine signaling pathway

inferred from direct assay

(Brembs et al., 2007)

involved_in ovulation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Monastirioti, 2003)

involved_in regulation of behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Certel et al., 2007)

involved_in regulation of forward locomotion

inferred from direct assay

(Fox et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in behavioral response to ethanol

traceable author statement

(Rothenfluh and Heberlein, 2002)

involved_in dopamine catabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in norepinephrine biosynthetic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in octopamine biosynthetic process

traceable author statement

(Rothenfluh and Heberlein, 2002)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in extracellular space

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

is_active_in secretory granule membrane

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000806665

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MONOOXYGENASES, REDUCED ASCORBATE AS ONE DONOR

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family. (Q86B61)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

dopamine beta-monooxygenase activity

dopamine + 2 L-ascorbate + O2 = (R)-noradrenaline + 2 monodehydro-L- ascorbate radical + H2O (1.14.17.1)

RHEA 19117: tyramine-beta hydroxylase activity
RHEA 57132:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

MONOOXYGENASES, REDUCED ASCORBATE AS ONE DONOR -: Monooxygenases, reduced ascorbate as one donor include dehydrogenases that catalyze an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which hydrogen or electrons are transferred from reduced ascorbate and one other donor, and one atom of oxygen is incorporated into one donor.

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyramine into octopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in ovulation and locomotion (PubMed:14623230, PubMed:14978721, PubMed:16376104, PubMed:8656284). Functions in an amine-mediated Bacc-dependent signaling pathway that negatively regulates acute ethanol sensitivity (PubMed:23142736). Involved in facilitation of nociceptive escape behavior in response to potentially damaging stimuli, such as high temperatures (PubMed:37309249).

(UniProt, Q86B61)

Summary (Interactive Fly)

an enzyme that converts tyramine to octopamine, a neurotransmitter that is the insect equivalent of norepinephrine - octopamine modulates several physiological functions and behaviors including sleep, aggression and ovulation

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Tbh for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q86B61)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Tbh-RB

FBtr0089999

NM_176711

3772

670

Tbh-RC

FBtr0340409

NM_001298067

3771

670

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Tbh-PB

FBpp0089042

77.7

670

6.89

FBpp0309355

77.7

670

6.89

Q86B61

NP_001284996

AHN59467

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

670 aa isoforms: Tbh-PB, Tbh-PC

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Is most likely a monomer under physiological conditions, although under conditions of high pH and low ionic strength the dimeric form predominates. Both forms are equally active.

(UniProt, Q86B61)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Tbh using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Tbh_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.59

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 17

larval VUM motor neuron

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage

larval insulin secreting cell of pars intercerebralis

(Siegmund and Korge, 2001)

third instar larval stage

octopaminergic neuron

• varicosity

(Koon et al., 2011)

adult stage | female

ventral nerve cord | medial | restricted | ventral

(Monastirioti, 2003)

ovary | restricted | vicinity of

(Monastirioti, 2003)

oviduct | vicinity of

(Monastirioti, 2003)

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Tbh protein is detected in around 112 neurons in the adult brain, corresponding to 16 distinct clusters, and around 39 neurons in the thoracico-abdominal ganglion, corresponding to 5 clusters. Co-localisation with ScerGAL4^Tdc2.PC in the brain is observed in the octopaminergic AL2 (G3a) cluster, in the G3b and 3 ventral clusters (VMI to VMIII). In the thoracico-abdominal ganglion, 37 of the 39 Tbh-positive neurons also express ScerGAL4^Tdc2.PC.

(Schneider et al., 2012)

Tbhimmunoreactivity is detected in neurons in the midline of the ventral abdominal ganglia that innervate the oviducts and the calyx of the ovary in females.

(Monastirioti, 2003)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: P{GMR76G04-GAL4}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

bulb | faint | restricted

(Jenett and Svirskas, 2012.9.24)

octopaminergic neuron

(Hill et al., 2019)

Reporter: P{Tbh-GAL4.6.2}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

neuron of adult brain

(Schneider et al., 2012)

octopaminergic VUMa4 neuron

(Schneider et al., 2012)

Reporter: PBac{Tbh-QF.S}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage

larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

(Stowers, 2011)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Tbh in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Tbh

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Tbh

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31718/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0010329

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0010329

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0010329

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0010329

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 17 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Tbh

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Tbh

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)C128

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Gene duplicated in

Dp(1;2)sn⁺72d

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Inferred from location ( 14 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Tbh^GD6449

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Tbh^GD6449

Sterility

Allele

female sterile

female sterile, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Tbh^GD6449

female sterile, with Scer\GAL4^Tdc2.PC

Tbh^JF02746

female sterile | recessive

Tbh^nM18

fertile

fertile, with Scer\GAL4^Ilp7.PC

Tbh^JF02746

male fertile

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal adult locomotory behavior | conditional

Tbh^nM18

abnormal behavior | adult stage | female

Tbh^nM18

abnormal behavior | adult stage | heat sensitive

Tbh^hs.PS

abnormal behavior | adult stage | male

Tbh^nM18

abnormal behavior | male

Tbh^nM18

abnormal chemosensory behavior | adult stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal courtship behavior | male

Tbh^nM18

abnormal flight

Tbh^nM18

abnormal learning | conditional

Tbh^nM18

abnormal learning | male

Tbh^nM18

abnormal locomotor behavior

Tbh^nM18

abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage | recessive

Tbh^nM18

abnormal locomotor rhythm

Tbh^nM18

abnormal mating behavior, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Tbh^GD6449

abnormal mating behavior | female limited

Tbh^nM18

abnormal memory

Tbh^nM18

abnormal memory | adult stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal neurophysiology

Tbh^nM18

abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal sleep | adult stage

Tbh^nM18

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^AkhR.PY

Tbh^JF02746

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PY

Tbh^JF02746

abnormal starvation stress response | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

chemical sensitive

Tbh^nM18

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^AkhR.PY

Tbh^JF02746

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PY

Tbh^JF02746

increased body size | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tdc2.PC

short lived

Tbh^nM18

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

egg chamber

Tbh^nM18

embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

gustatory receptor neuron

Tbh^nM18

larva

Tbh^nM18

multidendritic neuron | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

type I bouton | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

type II bouton | third instar larval stage

Tbh^nM18

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (4)

Hsap\DBH

14 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MOXD1

3 of 14

Hsap\MOXD2P

1 of 14

Hsap\PAM

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)

Rnor\Dbh

14 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Moxd2

3 of 14

Rnor\Moxd1

2 of 14

Rnor\Pam

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)

Mmus\Dbh

13 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Moxd1

3 of 14

Mmus\Moxd2

3 of 14

Mmus\Pam

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)

Xtro\dbh

8 of 13

Yes

Xtro\pspc1

2 of 13

Xtro\LOC105945848

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\moxd1

1 of 13

Xtro\npas3

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)

Drer\dbh

14 of 14

Yes

Drer\moxd1

3 of 14

Drer\moxd1l

3 of 14

Drer\pam

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)

Cele\tbh-1

13 of 14

Yes

Cele\lin-41

1 of 14

Cele\pamn-1

1 of 14

Cele\pghm-1

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (10)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010485

12 of 12

Yes

3 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Tbh. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)

5 of 13

5 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Phm

1 of 13

wech

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Tbh^nM18

model of alcohol use disorder

CEA

(Scholz et al., 2005, Scholz et al., 2000)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

DBH; dopamine beta-hydroxylase

model of dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Tbh^nM18

exacerbates alcohol use disorder

modeled by hang^AE10

(Scholz et al., 2005)

ameliorates central nervous system disease

modeled by Hsap\MECP2^UAS.FL

(Gupta et al., 2016)

ameliorates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.0N4R.cUa

(Nangia et al., 2021)

Tbh^{MI04010-TG4.1}

ameliorates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^UAS.0N4R.cUa

(Nangia et al., 2021)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

DBH; dopamine beta-hydroxylase

14 of 14

609312

ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION 1; ORTHYP1

dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency

MOXD1; monooxygenase DBH like 1

3 of 14

609000

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Bacc

suppressible

Tbh

(Chen et al., 2013)

lola

suppressible

Tbh

(Dinges et al., 2017)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Is most likely a monomer under physiological conditions, although under conditions of high pH and low ionic strength the dimeric form predominates. Both forms are equally active.

(UniProt, Q86B61 )

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0010329

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Catecholamine biosynthesis

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Catecholamine biosynthesis

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q86B61

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-22

Cytogenetic map

7D2-7D2

Sequence location

X:7,995,697..8,027,394 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

7D2-7D2

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}sn^EP1217 and P{EP}Ubc-E2H^EP1303

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

7D1-7D2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-22

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-22.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

(Monastirioti, 1996.3.29)

Left of (cM)

fs(1)h
mys

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Right of (cM)

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (97)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Korea

12803

P{VT058557-GAL4}attP2

13021

P{VT058561-GAL4}attP2

13582

P{VT058560-GAL4}attP2

13867

P{VT058563-GAL4}attP2

14896

P{VT058565-GAL4}attP2

15315

P{VT058551-GAL4}attP2

15316

P{VT058554-GAL4}attP2

15317

P{VT058555-GAL4}attP2

15318

P{VT058566-GAL4}attP2

14755

P{VT058551-lexA::GADfl}attP40

15771

P{VT058557-lexA::GADfl}attP40

VDRC

v107070

P{KK102670}VIE-260B

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (27)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (4)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0010329

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Koon et al., 2011, Zhou et al., 2008)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

Tbh is important for courtship conditioning in males.

(Zhou et al., 2012)

Mutants show partially impaired sugar-reward learning, but relief learning is unaffected.

(Yarali and Gerber, 2010)

Tbh controls ovulation (the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the oviducts) in females.

(Monastirioti, 2003)

Isolation and characterisation of Tbh.

(Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: Tbh CG1543

(Zhang, 1999.11)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG1543

(Mao et al., 2024, Cheng et al., 2023, Stowers, 2011, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Mount, 2001.8.14)

DBH

(Hillman et al., 2000)

Dbh

T beta h

(Rauschenbach et al., 2001)

TBH

(Feng et al., 2024, Zhang et al., 2021, Stowers, 2011, Aravind, 2001, Monastirioti and White, 1997)

TBh

(Chentsova et al., 2007)

TbH

(Meschi et al., 2024, Imura et al., 2020, Ostrowski et al., 2018, Tomita et al., 2017, Shankar et al., 2015)

Tbh

(Lee et al., 2025, Wang et al., 2025, Gowda et al., 2024, Lee and Lim, 2023, Li et al., 2023, Corrales et al., 2022, Chow et al., 2021, Liang et al., 2021, White et al., 2021, Chvilicek et al., 2020, Lathen et al., 2020, Öztürk-Çolak et al., 2020, Brunet Avalos et al., 2019, Gubina et al., 2019, Highfill et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Schützler et al., 2019, Croset et al., 2018, Li-Kroeger et al., 2018, Abruzzi et al., 2017, Dinges et al., 2017, Machado et al., 2017, Park et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Crocker et al., 2016, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Sarov et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2016, Deady and Sun, 2015, Gao et al., 2015, Garlapow et al., 2015, Grotewiel and Bettinger, 2015, Bussell et al., 2014, Karuppudurai et al., 2014, Lin et al., 2014, Perisse et al., 2013, Robinson and Atkinson, 2013, Burke et al., 2012, Schneider et al., 2012, Ferdousy et al., 2011, Koon et al., 2011, Stagg et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Wheeler et al., 2008, Buszczak et al., 2007, Wheeler et al., 2006, Zumstein et al., 2004)

TΒH

(Raun et al., 2021, Gu et al., 2019, Claßen and Scholz, 2018, Tian and Wang, 2018, Fuenzalida-Uribe et al., 2013, McClung and Hirsh, 1999)

TΒh

(Lin et al., 2024, Bourouliti and Skoulakis, 2022, Pang et al., 2022, Zhang et al., 2021, Corrales-Carvajal et al., 2016, Hoopfer, 2016, Fox et al., 2006)

TβM

(Osborne et al., 2013, Osborne et al., 2012, Hess et al., 2008, Hess et al., 2008, Gray et al., 2006)

tbh

(Peterson and Ahmad, 2024, Schlichting et al., 2022, Kim et al., 2021, Gao et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2014, Yarali and Gerber, 2010)

tβh

(Nangia et al., 2021, Damrau et al., 2017, Gupta et al., 2016, Ma et al., 2016, Li et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Kim et al., 2007)

Name Synonyms

Dopamine β hydroxylase

Tyramine Β Hydroxylase

(Fox et al., 2006)

Tyramine β hydroxylase

(Palavicino-Maggio and Sengupta, 2022, Corrales-Carvajal et al., 2016, Schneider et al., 2012, Stowers, 2011, Wheeler et al., 2008, Monastirioti et al., 1996)

Tyramine β-hydroxylase

(Shafer, 2025, Williams et al., 2014, Certel et al., 2010, Rauschenbach et al., 2008, Rauschenbach et al., 2007)

Tyrosine-β-hydroxylase

(Damrau et al., 2017)

tyramine beta-hydroxylase

(Stowers, 2011, Harvey et al., 2008)

tyramine betahydroxylase

(Yang et al., 2015)

tyramine β hydroxylase

(Zumstein et al., 2004)

tyramine β-hydroxylase

(Knight et al., 2015, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2009, Hoyer et al., 2008, Chentsova et al., 2007)

tyramine β-monooxygenase

(Osborne et al., 2013, Hess et al., 2008, Gray et al., 2006)

tyramine-beta-hydroxylase

(Brembs et al., 2007, Wolf and Heberlein, 2003, Monastirioti, 1996.3.29)

tyramine-β-hydroxylase

(Diesner and Neupert, 2018, Li et al., 2015, Rothenfluh and Heberlein, 2002)

tyroside beta-hydroxylase

(Ferdousy et al., 2011)

tyrosine β hydroxylase

(Zhang et al., 2011)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0012186

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 135 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

31718

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q86B61

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q86B61

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

X2JIW9

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q86B61

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

31718/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0010329

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0010329

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0010329

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG1543

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

31718

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0010329

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0010329

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Tbh_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0010329

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0010329

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0010329

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0010329

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC032303

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Catecholamine biosynthesis

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Catecholamine biosynthesis

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q86B61

References (243)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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