FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Cdk4
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Cdk4
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
Annotation Symbol
CG5072
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0016131
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
cyclin-dependent kinase (2.7.11.22)
Gene Summary
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) encodes a protein that contributes to cell cycle progression and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of JAK-STAT and TORC1 signalling pathways. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Cdk4/6, l(2)05428, dCdk4, l(2)s4639, 8-6

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-80
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:16579470..16585448
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:CycD; FB:FBgn0010315
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR017441
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P11802
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000623980
Biological Process (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:CycD; FB:FBgn0010315
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:hop; FB:FBgn0004864
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:upd1; FB:FBgn0004956,FLYBASE:CycD; FB:FBgn0010315
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Stat92E; FB:FBgn0016917
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:CycD; FB:FBgn0010315
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:CycD; FB:FBgn0010315,FLYBASE:E2f1; FB:FBgn0011766
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ets97D; FB:FBgn0004510
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000623979
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000623979
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000623979
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000623091
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity
(1) L-seryl-[protein] + ATP = O-phospho-L-seryl-[protein] + ADP + H(+) (2.7.11.22)
(2) L-threonyl-[protein] + ATP = O-phospho-L-threonyl-[protein] + ADP + H(+) (2.7.11.22)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) encodes a protein that contributes to cell cycle progression and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of JAK-STAT and TORC1 signalling pathways. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASES -
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases whose activity depends on a regulatory cyclin subunit. (Adapted from PMID:25180339).
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF JAK-STAT SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of JAK-STAT signaling up-regulate the pathway, enhancing transcriptional control by Stat92E.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

a Cdk involved in control of growth of cells - partners cyclin D - governs progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle - controls intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Cdk4 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7K306)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0087103
1801
317
FBtr0087104
2026
317
FBtr0087102
1502
317
FBtr0340063
1447
317
FBtr0345340
1600
317
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.2 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0086250
36.4
317
8.46
FBpp0086251
36.4
317
8.46
FBpp0086249
36.4
317
8.46
FBpp0309069
36.4
317
8.46
FBpp0311495
36.4
317
8.46
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

317 aa isoforms: Cdk4-PA, Cdk4-PB, Cdk4-PC, Cdk4-PD, Cdk4-PE
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Cdk4 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.79

Transcript Expression
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

Cdk4 transcripts are detected at all stages of development on northern blots. They are found to be ubiquitous in early embryos by in situ hybridization. They are also present at a low level throughout the embryo at later stages of embryogenesis with stronger signals observed in internal tissues of germ band retracted embryos in a pattern correlated with endoreduplicaiton in these tissues.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Cdk4 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 25 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Cdk4
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Cdk4
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Inferred from location ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (36)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
10 of 14
No
Yes
 
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (25)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (23)
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (21)
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (28)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
10 of 14
No
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (15)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (13)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (33)
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (7)
3 of 13
Yes
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (11)
3 of 12
Yes
No
2 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Cdk4. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (21)
4 of 13
4 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Dmel gene
    Ortholog showing functional complementation
    Supporting References
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-80
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    53C9-53C9
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Sema-2a03021&P{PZ}Cdk405428 and P{EP}BEST:SD02913EP2148&P{lacW}Dekk09907
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    53C9-53C10
    (determined by in situ hybridisation) 53C14--15 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    53C9-53C10
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    53C-53C
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    53C9-53C10
    53C14--15
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (29)
    Genomic Clones (14)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (191)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        When dsRNA constructs are made and transiently transfected into S2 cells in RNAi experiments, an decrease, an increase in the proportion of S phase cells, an increase in cell size, in the proportion of G2/M phase cells and spindle abnormalities (branched spindles) are seen.

        The apparently indistinguishable phenotypes of CycD Cdk4 double mutants and either CycD or Cdk4 single mutant argue against major independent functions of CycD and Cdk4 in D.melanogaster.

        Mutations in dm and Cdk4 do not induce autophagy in the fat body.

        Cdk4 is a component of the hop/Stat92E signal transduction pathway.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype when assayed in S2R+ cells: cell size is increased, microtubules are uniform or disorganised, cell shape is irregular, and cell number is decreased indicative of a failure in cell cycle progression through G1 to S and G2 to M stages. This phenotype is not seen in Kc167 cells.

        CycD-Cdk4 is not a master regulator of the cell embryonic cell proliferation program.

        The primary function of CycD-Cdk4 is to stimulate growth.

        Cdk4 has a role in the modulation of growth rates and is dispensable for cell cycle progression.

        The autosomal "FLP-DFS" technique (using the P{ovoD1-18} P{FRT(whs)} P{hsFLP} chromosomes) has been used to identify the specific maternal effect phenotype for the zygotic lethal mutation.

        Characterisation of Cdk4.

        Isolated from a genomic library using a Pka-C1 probe.

        Cdk4 may encode a protein kinase.

        Gene in D.melanogaster encoding product related (by sequence comparison) to the serine-threonine protein kinases of mammals. Isolated from Drosophila clones obtained with mammalian probes.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Cdk4 l(2)s4639

        Source for merge of: Cdk4/6 l(2)05428 l(2)k06503

        Source for merge of: Cdk4 Pk53C

        Source for merge of: Cdk4 l(2)SH0671

        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Cdk4/6 CG5072

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Cdk4
        (Mukherjee et al., 2025, Fogarty et al., 2024, Taylor et al., 2024, Akhmanova et al., 2022, Ding et al., 2022, Bilder et al., 2021, Khan et al., 2021, Ostalé et al., 2021, Strassburger et al., 2021, Robinson et al., 2020, Fahey-Lozano et al., 2019, Nicholson et al., 2019, Eusebio et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Levis, 2018.8.30, Mortensen et al., 2018, Richardson and Portela, 2018, Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Icreverzi et al., 2015, Panneton et al., 2015, Sanhueza et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Hétié et al., 2014, Sopko et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014, Levayer and Moreno, 2013, Noatynska et al., 2013, Parisi et al., 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Yin et al., 2013, Zhou and Luo, 2013, Zoranovic et al., 2013, Gurudatta et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Murray et al., 2012, Debat et al., 2011, Read, 2011, Yang and Xu, 2011, Reddy et al., 2010, Tiefenböck et al., 2010, Baltzer et al., 2009, Hamaratoglu et al., 2009, Parrish et al., 2009, Layalle et al., 2008, Rafel and Milán, 2008, Baltzer et al., 2007, Beltran et al., 2007, Berry and Baehrecke, 2007, Buttitta et al., 2007, Ferjoux et al., 2007, Secombe et al., 2007, Tanaka-Matakatsu et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Friedman and Perrimon, 2006, Gilboa and Lehmann, 2006, Khurana et al., 2006, Mika and Rost, 2006, Mukherjee et al., 2006, Nolo et al., 2006, Coffman et al., 2005, Stanyon et al., 2004, Chen et al., 2003, Loren et al., 2003, Pickeral et al., 2000)
        Pk53C
        Pk?7
        l(2)sh0671
        Name Synonyms
        Cyclin-dependent kinase 4
        Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6
        Protein kinase-like 53C
        cyclin-dependent kinase 4
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0004458
        • FBgn0010600
        • FBgn0010696
        • FBgn0022125
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 76 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
        References (221)