FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\gish
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\gish
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
gilgamesh
Annotation Symbol
CG6963
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0250823
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
Gene Summary
gilgamesh (gish) encodes a plasma membrane-associated kinase that regulates Hedgehog and Wingless signaling activity. It is involved in planar cell polarity via regulation of Rab11-mediated vesicle trafficking [Date last reviewed: 2019-08-01] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Spider, ms(3)89B, Hrr25, CK1γ, CKIγ

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-58
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:16272452..16304768
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR017441
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR022247
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000225966
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in olfactory learning
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in endocytosis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000226268
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000225966
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000225966
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000225966
is_active_in plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000936141
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
gilgamesh (gish) encodes a plasma membrane-associated kinase that regulates Hedgehog and Wingless signaling activity. It is involved in planar cell polarity via regulation of Rab11-mediated vesicle trafficking [Date last reviewed: 2019-08-01]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CK1 KINASES -
The CK1 kinases (Casein Kinase 1 family) share a highly conserved kinase domain. CK1 kinases are serine/threonine kinases with a preference for acidic substrates. The highly variable C-terminal domains are involved in regulating subcellular localization and activity. (Adapted from FBrf0132098, PMID:24825444 and PMID:15722192).
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF WNT-TCF SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of Wnt-TCF (canonical Wnt) signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the enhancement of transcriptional regulation mediated by β-catenin (arm).
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Positive regulators of hedgehog signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription of hh-responsive genes.
Summary (Interactive Fly)

Casein kinase 1 γ homolog - interacts Arrow to modify Wingless signaling - mutants show a defect in spermatid individualization - required to potentiate Wingless signaling in limb development - acts in the posterior region of the eye disc to prevent precocious glial cell migration

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
16
Number of Unique Polypeptides
13

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\gish for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A0A0B4KHL4)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Stop-codon suppression (UGA) postulated; FBrf0216884.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 6.02

Gene model reviewed during 6.32

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0083263
2677
422
FBtr0083262
3227
468
FBtr0083264
2330
427
FBtr0083261
2945
468
FBtr0083265
3212
463
FBtr0100331
2171
358
FBtr0100332
1959
476
FBtr0100333
3149
468
FBtr0301304
3245
474
FBtr0305071
3386
521
FBtr0305072
3311
496
FBtr0330041
2945
537
FBtr0334606
5623
468
FBtr0479900
2755
448
FBtr0479901
1968
399
FBtr0479902
1788
339
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0082717
48.2
422
9.27
FBpp0082716
52.6
468
9.78
FBpp0082718
48.7
427
9.57
FBpp0082715
52.6
468
9.78
FBpp0082719
52.1
463
9.55
FBpp0099736
40.9
358
9.68
FBpp0099737
53.6
476
9.72
FBpp0099738
52.6
468
9.78
FBpp0290519
53.3
474
9.76
FBpp0306673
52.6
468
9.78
FBpp0428233
51.1
448
9.53
FBpp0428234
45.7
399
8.03
FBpp0428235
39.6
339
7.39
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

468 aa isoforms: gish-PB, gish-PD, gish-PH, gish-PM
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\gish using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.21

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
testis

Comment: only gish-RB and gish-RF observed

Additional Descriptive Data

Of the 13 predicted gish transcripts, only gish-RB and gish-RF were detected in testis using primer pairs specific to each transcript species.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{gish-GFP.C}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\gish in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 60 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 24 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of gish
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of gish
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (13)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
6  
2 of 14
No
No
3  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (11)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (11)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (7)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
7 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (15)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (97)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (7)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (19)
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
Yes
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
8 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (5)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
10 of 12
No
Yes
10 of 12
No
Yes
2 of 12
No
No
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:gish. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (11)
5 of 13
5 of 13
5 of 13
5 of 13
5 of 13
4 of 13
4 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-58
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    89B9-89B12
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}blp01618 and P{PZ}gish04895&P{EP}EP3171
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    89B1-89B22
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (47)
    Genomic Clones (35)
    cDNA Clones (178)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          The gish product phosphorylates the arr protein.

          When dsRNA constructs are made and transiently transfected into S2 cells in RNAi experiments, an increase in the proportion of S phase cells and/or aneuploidy, an increase in the proportion of G2/M phase cells, and increase in in mitotic index, and spindle abnormalities are seen.

          dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

          gish, so, ey and hh act in the posterior region of the eye disc to prevent precocious glial cell migration.

          Area matching Drosophila EST AA949934. This EST has sequence similarity to mammalian Casein kinase genes.

          gish may be part of a repulsive signaling mechanism coordinating glial migration and neuronal development in the developing eye.

          In mutants, glial cells prematurely migrate into the ectopic positions anterior to the photoreceptors. As a consequence, a subset of photoreceptor axons projects anteriorly, suggesting an instructive role for the glial cells in axon pathfinding. Furthermore, gish mutant glial cells also inappropriately adhere to and migrate along Bolwigs nerve.

          Postmeiotic differentiation defect.

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: CKI-related CG6963

          Source for merge of: gish anon-WO0118547.425

          Source for merge of: gish NEST:bs27c08

          Additional comments

          Source for merge of gish anon-WO0118547.425 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: gish CKI-related

          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (19)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CKI-related
          NEST:bs27c08
          anon-WO0118547.425
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0011253
          • FBgn0038411
          • FBgn0062017
          • FBgn0045173
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 146 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
          References (179)