FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\mbl
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\mbl
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
muscleblind
Annotation Symbol
CG33197
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0265487
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
muscleblind (mbl) encodes an RNA binding protein that regulates RNA metabolism at the levels of alternative splicing, transcript localization and miRNA and circRNA biogenesis. It contributes to terminal muscle, eye and neural differentiation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

mm, cht, chaste, l(2)01038, l(2)k01212

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-82
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:17216549..17379376
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000571
non-traceable author statement
enables RNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008342327
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in apoptotic process
inferred from direct assay
involved_in eye development
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Dg; FB:FBgn0034072
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Dys; FB:FBgn0260003
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
non-traceable author statement
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008342327
Cellular Component (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
located_in H zone
inferred from direct assay
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000975613
is_active_in nucleoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000975613
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the muscleblind family. (O16011)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
muscleblind (mbl) encodes an RNA binding protein that regulates RNA metabolism at the levels of alternative splicing, transcript localization and miRNA and circRNA biogenesis. It contributes to terminal muscle, eye and neural differentiation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required for terminal differentiation of photoreceptor cells. Vital for embryonic development.
(UniProt, O16011)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

RNA splice factor involved in terminal muscle and eye differentiation - mutants model features of myotonic dystrophy

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
19
Number of Unique Polypeptides
19

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\mbl for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry O16011)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Alternative translation stop created by use of multiphasic reading frames within coding region.

Gene model reviewed during 6.02

Gene model reviewed during 6.33

Gene model reviewed during 6.53

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts may not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.42

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

A subset of the transcripts annotated for this gene are postulated to be circular mRNAs (FBrf0193093, FBrf0236596, FBrf0253324).

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0086991
2942
203
FBtr0086992
3877
297
FBtr0086994
7500
243
FBtr0306601
5257
951
FBtr0306603
4929
789
FBtr0306604
4971
803
FBtr0306606
5023
873
FBtr0310058
7373
535
FBtr0310059
7517
583
FBtr0310346
7651
667
FBtr0336940
5430
956
FBtr0336941
5337
925
FBtr0336942
5379
939
FBtr0480511
7944
391
FBtr0480512
654
65
FBtr0480513
1488
343
FBtr0480514
1002
181
FBtr0480515
1606
394
FBtr0482313
1890
442
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.846, 3.037, 2.990, 2.936 (longest cDNA)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0086143
22.7
203
9.55
FBpp0086144
32.3
297
9.16
FBpp0086146
26.9
243
9.47
FBpp0297558
82.5
789
7.53
FBpp0301759
58.2
535
8.84
FBpp0307871
101.3
956
7.77
FBpp0428308
42.2
391
9.42
FBpp0428309
7.5
65
8.33
FBpp0428310
37.0
343
9.06
FBpp0428311
20.0
181
9.27
FBpp0428312
42.6
394
9.49
FBpp0428503
47.9
442
9.00
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

316, 243, 203, 84 (aa)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\mbl using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.96

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GawB}mblNP0420
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GawB}mblNP1161
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{lacW}mblk01212
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult brain cell body rind

Comment: subset of neuronal cell bodies in the adult brain cortex

Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult brain cell body rind

Comment: adult brain cortex, higher around central brain

High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\mbl in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 72 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 47 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of mbl
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of mbl
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
6  
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
2 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
9 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
5 of 13
No
No
5 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:mbl. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 10 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Dmel gene
    Ortholog showing functional complementation
    Supporting References
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-82
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    54A3-54B5
    ; Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(2)0712907129&P{PZ}mbl01038 and P{EP}EP1061&P{EP}cnkEP576
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    54B1-54B2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    54A1-54A3
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    54A-54A
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (32)
    Genomic Clones (107)
    cDNA Clones (360)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Mef2 regulates mbl where they are coexpressed.

        mbl function is required for tendon matrix deposition at muscle attachments and for Z-band formation.

        Molecular analysis reveals the mbl locus is large and complex, giving rise to multiple different proteins with common 5' sequences but different carboxy termini.

        Mutant females persistently repel male approaches throughout their life.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: mbl mm

        Source for merge of: mm l(2)k01212

        Source for merge of: mbl l(2)01038

        Source for merge of: mbl chaste

        Additional comments

        Annotations CG14477, CG10941 merged as CG33197 (mbl) in release 3 of the genome annotation.

        "l(2)07129" may correspond to "mm"; the P{PZ} insertion in the "l(2)0712907129" allele maps 61bp upstream of the 5' end of the CT30649 transcript of "mm". However, "l(2)0712907129" complements "mmk07110" (these alleles are caused by P-element insertions at the same site, the elements are P{PZ} and P{lacW} respectively).

        Relationship between "chaste" and "mm" is unclear.

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        Reflecting that the phenotype is the development of the visual system and the muscle the gene is named "mbl", "muscleblind".

        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        BG01127
        CG10941
        mbl
        (Bak et al., 2025, Dyson et al., 2025, Avila et al., 2024, Souidi et al., 2023, Xiao et al., 2023, Yang et al., 2023, Majane et al., 2022, Marcogliese et al., 2022, Sebastian et al., 2022, Kao et al., 2021, Liguori et al., 2021, Souidi and Jagla, 2021, Aboukilila et al., 2020, Kong et al., 2020, Kurmangaliyev et al., 2020, Reis et al., 2020, Sapiro et al., 2020, Bargiela et al., 2019, Casci et al., 2019, Everman et al., 2019, Fingerhut et al., 2019, Gerritsma et al., 2019, Nikonova et al., 2019, Lee et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2018, Aw et al., 2017, Pamudurti et al., 2017, Yenigun et al., 2017, Clandinin and Owens, 2016-, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Kockel et al., 2016, Kuleesha et al., 2016, Duff et al., 2015, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Organista et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Yu et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Bargiela et al., 2014, Jalvingh et al., 2014, Olesnicky et al., 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Toshima et al., 2014, Westholm et al., 2014, Llamusi et al., 2013, Picchio et al., 2013, Immonen and Ritchie, 2012, Irion, 2012, Lawlor et al., 2012, Rodriguez et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Carreira et al., 2011, Ellis and Carney, 2011, Kucherenko et al., 2011, Marrone et al., 2011, Shieh and Bonini, 2011, Waldholm et al., 2011, Cunha et al., 2010, Lloyd and Taylor, 2010, Pascual et al., 2010, Juni and Yamamoto, 2009, Garcia-Lopez et al., 2008, Goers et al., 2008, Kucherenko et al., 2008, Li et al., 2008, Nallamothu and Hsu, 2008, Aerts et al., 2007, Morozova et al., 2007, Vicente et al., 2007, Zeitlinger et al., 2007, de Haro et al., 2006, Edwards et al., 2006, Houseley et al., 2006, Machuca-Tzili et al., 2006, Monferrer and Artero, 2006, Moses et al., 2006, Sandmann et al., 2006, Burgler and Macdonald, 2005)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0053197
        • FBgn0261642
        • FBgn0010471
        • FBgn0015514
        • FBgn0020274
        • FBgn0022250
        • FBgn0034208
        • FBgn0020555
        • FBgn0070016
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 121 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (215)