FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\ase
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ase
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
asense
Annotation Symbol
CG3258
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000137
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
42 publicly available
Gene Summary
asense (ase) encodes a transcription factor in the achaete-scute complex. It acts together with other proneural genes in nervous system development, which involves N-mediated lateral inhibition. ase is expressed in the CNS type-I neuroblasts and the PNS sensory organ precursors (SOPs) but not in the proneural clusters that give rise to the SOP via lateral inhibition. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-06] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

EG:165H7.2 , T8, T1a, AS-C T8

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
1B3-1B3
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-0
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:460747..463176
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (22 terms)
Molecular Function (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Southall and Brand, 2009)
enables protein heterodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:da; FB:FBgn0267821
(Jarman et al., 1993)
enables protein homodimerization activity
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:ase; FB:FBgn0000137
(Jarman et al., 1993)
contributes_to RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Jarman et al., 1993)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:da; FB:FBgn0267821
(Jarman et al., 1993)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000358347
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015660
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables protein dimerization activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011598, InterPro:IPR036638
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chaeta development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
involved_in chaeta morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wildonger and Mann, 2005)
involved_in epithelial cell proliferation involved in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sudarsan et al., 2002)
involved_in Malpighian tubule tip cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hoch et al., 1994)
involved_in negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wallace et al., 2000)
involved_in nervous system development
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ac; FB:FBgn0000022
(Parras et al., 1996)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sc; FB:FBgn0004170
(Parras et al., 1996)
involved_in neuroblast fate determination
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Apitz and Salecker, 2015)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jarman et al., 1993)
involved_in regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bahrampour et al., 2017)
involved_in regulation of neurogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bahrampour et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in central nervous system development
non-traceable author statement
(Skaer et al., 2002)
involved_in peripheral nervous system development
non-traceable author statement
(Skaer et al., 2002)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001420656
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR015660
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Brand et al., 1993)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000358347
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
asense (ase) encodes a transcription factor in the achaete-scute complex. It acts together with other proneural genes in nervous system development, which involves N-mediated lateral inhibition. ase is expressed in the CNS type-I neuroblasts and the PNS sensory organ precursors (SOPs) but not in the proneural clusters that give rise to the SOP via lateral inhibition. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-06]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription. They are characterized by a 60 amino acid region comprising a basic DNA binding domain followed by a HLH motif formed from two amphipathic α-helices connected by a loop. bHLH transcription factors form homo- and hetero-dimeric complexes, which bind to a E box consensus sequence. (Adapted from PMID:15186484).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Involved in the determination of the neuronal precursors of optic lobes in the central nervous system.
(UniProt, P09775)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
ase: asense
ase1 (formerly sc2) shown to be a molecular deletion including the ase transcription unit. ase embryos lack a subset of peripheral neurons (Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen, 1987, Genes Dev. 1: 297-306); third-instar larvae show disrupted optic-lobe development; in adults almost all abdominal chaetae are removed as are the extra chaetae induced by Tft. Abdomen tends to be swollen; wings poorly expanded; viability of homozygous and hemizygous females low (Garcia-Bellido, 1979, Genetics 91: 491-520). Gene expression first detectable in the neural primordium, presumably in the neuroblasts. In later embryos, RNA is detected in most cells of the CNS primordium as well as in the labrum, optic lobe rudiment, procephalic neurogenic region, and the posterior midgut rudiment. Expression lasts into germ-band retraction. Also expressed sparsely in third-instar larvae; scarce in imaginal disks except for one large cell cluster in each leg disk; strong in the CNS, especially in a cap of cells over each optic lobe, which are destined to generate ganglion mother cells of the lamina and medulla; expression also seen in inner anlagen of optic lobes, which give rise to cells of the medulla and lobula complex. Otherwise expression in brain and ventral ganglion occurs in isolated clusters of cells and single cells. Expression thought to identify actively proliferating cells (Gonzalez et al.).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

proneural - achaete-scute complex - critical for the formation of a subset of sensory elements in the larval cuticle - regulates mitotic activity and Cdk inhibitor Dacapo expression in the Drosophila larval optic lobes

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ase for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P09775)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Supported by strand-specific RNA-Seq data.

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
ase-RA
FBtr0070075
NM_057346
2430
486
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.8 (northern blot)

(Gonzalez et al., 1989)

1.6 (northern blot)

(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
ase-PA
FBpp0070074
53.2
486
7.21
P09775
NP_476694
AAF45502
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

396 (aa); 43.5 (kD)

(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.

(UniProt, P09775)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ase using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.27

Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 11 -- 17
procephalic neurogenic region
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
adult optic lobe
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
stage 3 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
sensory mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993)
stage 1 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
stage 2 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic ganglion mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic optic lobe primordium
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 8
proneural cluster
(Kang et al., 2009)
embryonic stage 8 -- 11
neuroblast
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
embryonic stage 8 -- 12
larval ventral nerve cord
(Kang et al., 2009)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
stomatogastric nervous system primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 12
midline primordium | subset
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 10 -- 17
embryonic/larval midgut
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic/larval posterior midgut
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
embryonic stage 11
VUM precursor
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
neuroblast MNB
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
embryonic primordium of adult anterior midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic neuroblast of ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
labial sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
maxillary sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
procephalic neuroblast
(Fisher et al., 2012)
stomatogastric nervous system primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 17
precursor cell of the stomatogastric nervous system
(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
embryonic stage 13
neuroblast MNB
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
lineage MNB primary interneuron
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
dorsal sensory complex proper primordium

Comment: reported as dorsal/lateral sensory complexes

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic antennal sense organ
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain surface glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head sensory system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic labial sensory complex
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic maxillary sensory complex
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic neuroblast of embryonic central brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stomatogastric nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
neuroblast of ventral nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral sensory complex primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval midline neuron
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 17
neuroblast MNB
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
third instar larval stage
antennal disc
(Brand et al., 1993)
ganglion mother cell
(Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
larval brain | restricted
(Brand et al., 1993)
wing disc
(Brand et al., 1993, Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Brand et al., 1993)
sensory mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993, Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
imaginal disc
(Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
leg disc
(Brand et al., 1993)
eye disc
(Brand et al., 1993, Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
eye disc posterior to the morphogenetic furrow
(Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)
larval outer optic anlage | restricted
(Shaikh et al., 2016)
radioisotope in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
neuroblast
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
posterior midgut primordium
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
procephalic neurogenic region
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
labrum
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
embryonic optic lobe primordium
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
imaginal disc
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
larval central nervous system
(Gonzalez et al., 1989)
Additional Descriptive Data

ase is expressed in proneural cells along the ventral nerve cord from embryonic stage 8.

(Kang et al., 2009)

Expression assayed at stages 9, 11, 13, and 17. Expression may be continuous between assayed stages in some tissues.

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

ase expression is first detected shortly after gastrulation commences in single cells that are in the process of segregating from the neurectoderm. ase transcripts are expressed only in the neuroblast and not in other cells of the proneural clusters. The ase-expressing cells give rise to the entire first wave of segregating neuroblasts and most likely all of the second and third wave neuroblasts as well. ase transcripts are also expressed in at least some ganglion mother cells. After germ band retraction, they are found in cells in the ventral nerve cord and brain that are thought to correspond to larval neuroblasts and optic lobe anlage. In the PNS, ase transcripts are expressed in all the sense organ precursors (SOPs) and their progeny. From stage 10 onwards, ase transcript expression is also observed in the midgut anlage. In the wing disc, ase transcripts are expressed in all SOPS that arise at least up until 3hrs apf. ase is only expressed in one cell within each proneural cluster that will become the SOP. It is also expressed in SOPs in leg and antennal discs. In larval brain, ase transcripts are detected in CNS neuroblasts and in some of their progeny and in horseshoe-shaped group of cells in the optic lobe anlage. They are also detected in the eye disc.

(Brand et al., 1993)

In third instar larvae, ase is expressed in all imaginal discs in single cells that correspond to sensory organ mother cells (SMCs). It is also expressed in each of their two daughter cells (second order precursors) but is not detected in the final descendents of the SMC. It is also expressed in the descendents of the imaginal neuroblasts, the ganglion mother cells. Sites of ase expression other than proneural clusters are two stripes of cells at both sides of the presumptive anterior wing margin in the wing disc, and a broad stripe of cells posterior to the morphogenetic furrow in the eye-antennal disc.

(Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)

ase transcripts are detected in neuroblasts and their progeny. Expression peaks at stages 10-11 of embryogenesis. ase is then detected in the CNS, the labrum, the optic lobe anlage, the procephalic neurogenic region, and the posterior midgut anlage. It is also detected in PNS precursor cells. In third instar larvae, expression is detected in imaginal discs, CNS and optic lobe.

(Gonzalez et al., 1989)

ase transcripts are first detected in late stage 8 embyros and peak in stages 10 and 11. They are expressed in presumptive neural precursors once they have segregated from the ectoderm and are expressed with each wave of neuroblast segregation. Expression is also described in the primordia of the stomatogastric and optic lobes nervous systems, in the posterior midgut, in procephalic regions, and in a segmentally reiterating pattern probably in precursors to peripheral nervous system cells.

(Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
stage 2 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
sensory mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993)
stage 1 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
stage 3 neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic ganglion mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic optic lobe primordium
(Brand et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 10 -- 17
embryonic/larval midgut
(Brand et al., 1993)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval optic lobe
(Brand et al., 1993)
wing disc
(Brand et al., 1993)
larval brain | restricted
(Brand et al., 1993)
antennal disc
(Brand et al., 1993)
leg disc
(Brand et al., 1993)
sensory mother cell
(Brand et al., 1993)
neuroblast
(Brand et al., 1993)
inner optic anlage lateral proliferation zone | restricted
(Apitz and Salecker, 2015)
larval outer optic anlage | posterior
(Wallace et al., 2000)
larval inner optic anlage
(Wallace et al., 2000)
lamina furrow | faint
(Wallace et al., 2000)
larval neuroblast
(Shaikh et al., 2016)
Additional Descriptive Data

ase-protein expression can be found in dpn-positive neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in the distal part of the inner proliferation zone in the larval optic anlage.

(Apitz and Salecker, 2015)

ase is detectable at the posterior edge of the outer optic anlage (outer proliferating center) as well as cells in the inner optic anlage (inner proliferating center. ase expression reaches a maximum at the posterior border of the OPC. Low levels of ase expression appear to be present at the lamina furrow.

(Wallace et al., 2000)

ase expression is first detected shortly after gastrulation commences in the nuclei of single cells that are in the process of segregating from the neurectoderm. ase protein is expressed only in the neuroblast and not in other cells of the proneural clusters. The ase-expressing cells give rise to the entire first wave of segregating neuroblasts and most likely all of the second and third wave neuroblasts as well. ase protein is also expressed in at least some ganglion mother cells. After germ band retraction, it is found in cells in the ventral nerve cord and brain that are thought to correspond to larval neuroblasts and optic lobe anlage. In the PNS, ase protein is expressed in all the sense organ precursors (SOPs) and their progeny. From stage 10 onwards, ase protein expression is also observed in the midgut anlage. In the wing disc, ase protein is expressed in all SOPS that arise at least up until 3hrs apf. ase is only expressed in one cell within each proneural cluster that will become the SOP. It is also expressed in SOPs in leg and antennal discs. In larval brain, ase protein is detected in CNS neuroblasts and in some of their progeny and in horseshoe-shaped group of cells in the optic lobe anlage.

(Brand et al., 1993)
Marker for
 
larval neuroblast
(Xu et al., 2017, Shaikh et al., 2016)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Brand et al., 1993)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{ase-GAL4.Z}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
Malpighian tubule tip cell primordium
(Sudarsan et al., 2002)
Malpighian tubule tip cell
(Sudarsan et al., 2002)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
larval Malpighian tubule tip cell
(Weavers and Skaer, 2013)
Reporter: P{ase-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
type I neuroblast
(Weng et al., 2010)
third instar larval stage
larval neuroblast | subset
(Zhu et al., 2006)
Reporter: P{ase-GAL80.N}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
type I neuroblast
(Eroglu et al., 2014)
Reporter: P{ase-GAL80.Z}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
first instar larval stage -- late third instar larval stage
type I neuroblast
(Zhu et al., 2012)
Reporter: P{ase-lacZF:2.0}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 10 -- 15
precursor cell of the stomatogastric nervous system
(Hartenstein et al., 1994)
delaminating stomatogastric nervous system precursor
(Hartenstein et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 10 -- 17
neuroblast
(Jarman et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 11 -- 17
presumptive embryonic/larval nervous system
(Jarman et al., 1993)
posterior midgut primordium
(Jarman et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 12 -- 15
tip stomatogastric nervous system precursor
(Hartenstein et al., 1994)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
invaginating stomatogastric nervous system precursor
(Hartenstein et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 16
embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule
(Jarman et al., 1993)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Jarman et al., 1993)
third instar larval stage
neuroblast
(Jarman et al., 1993)
prepupal stage P1
external sensory organ precursor cell of prothoracic leg disc
(Mellert et al., 2012)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ase in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 30 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ase
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ase
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 13 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL471B
decreased occurrence of cell division | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Delta-05151-G
increased occurrence of cell division | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
increased occurrence of cell division | embryonic stage 17, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4455.2
visible, with Scer\GAL4C-765
visible | heat sensitive
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
chaeta | ectopic & mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4C-765
embryonic/larval optic lobe, with Scer\GAL471B
embryonic ganglion mother cell | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
embryonic neuroblast | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
embryonic neuroblast | embryonic stage 17, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Delta-05151-G
external sensory organ
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
macrochaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4455.2
macrochaeta | heat sensitive
mechanosensory chaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
microchaeta | heat sensitive
sense organ, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB
sense organ | heat sensitive
sensillum campaniformium | ectopic & wing, with Scer\GAL4C-765
sensory mother cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing sensillum | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4C-765
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (30)
Hsap\ASCL1
5 of 14
Yes
No
2  
Hsap\ASCL2
5 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\ASCL3
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ASCL4
3 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\ASCL5
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\FERD3L
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\FIGLA
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\HAND2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\LYL1
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MSC
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PTF1A
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SCX
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TAL1
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TAL2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TCF15
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TCF21
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\ATOH1
1 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\BHLHA15
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\HAND1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MESP1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MESP2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MSGN1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NEUROG2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NEUROG3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\NHLH1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\OLIG3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TCF23
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TCF24
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TWIST1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TWIST2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (28)
Rnor\Ascl1
6 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ascl2
6 of 14
Yes
No
Rnor\Ascl5
4 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ascl4
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ferd3l
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Figla
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Lyl1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mesp1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Msc
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ptf1a
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Scx
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tal1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tcf15
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tcf21
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Atoh1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Hand1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Hand2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Mesp2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Msgn1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Myod1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Neurog2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nhlh1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Olig3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tal2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tcf23
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Tmem9b
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Twist1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Twist2
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (30)
Mmus\Ascl1
6 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Ascl2
5 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ascl3
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ascl4
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ascl5
4 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ferd3l
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Figla
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Hand2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Lyl1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Msc
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ptf1a
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Scx
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tal1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tal2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tcf15
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tcf21
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Atoh1
1 of 14
No
No
6  
Mmus\Hand1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mesp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mesp2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Msgn1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Mycs
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Myod1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Neurog2
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Mmus\Nhlh1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Olig3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tcf23
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Tcf24
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Twist1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Twist2
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (26)
Xtro\ascl1
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ascl2
5 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\ascl3
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\atoh7
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\bhlha15
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\eps8l1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\figla
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\hand2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ift52
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100489188
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100493338
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC101732842
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC116410552
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\msgn1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\mycn
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\myf6
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\neurod4
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\neurog1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\neurog3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\olig3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\onecut3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ptf1a
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tal1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tcf21
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\tmem185a
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\twist1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (32)
Drer\ascl1a
5 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\ascl1b
4 of 14
No
No
Drer\figla
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\hand2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\ptf1a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\scxa
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\scxb
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\si:ch211-246m6.4
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\tal2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\tcf15
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\tcf21
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\atoh1b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\bhlha15
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ferd3l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC110440056
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\lyl1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mespaa
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mespab
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mespba
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\mespbb
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\msc
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\msgn1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\myf6
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\neurog1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\neurog3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\nhlh2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\olig3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\tal1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\twist1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\twist1b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\twist2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\twist3
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (12)
Cele\hlh-3
4 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\hlh-6
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-14
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-4
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\cnd-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-10
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-13
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-15
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\hlh-19
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\lin-32
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\ngn-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (16)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000878
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000876
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001448
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003756
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004299
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001740
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001741
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003739
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004386
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004907
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005930
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007124
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007696
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007822
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009983
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP013406
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (14)
Atha\AT1G10585
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G10586
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G12540
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G62975
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G71200
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G20970
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G25400
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G25410
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G51780
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G51790
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\bHLH38
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\bHLH39
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\BHLH100
1 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\BHLH101
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ase. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (17)
sc
7 of 13
ac
6 of 13
l(1)sc
6 of 13
Fer1
2 of 13
Fer3
2 of 13
Hand
2 of 13
HLH4C
2 of 13
HLH54F
2 of 13
amos
1 of 13
ato
1 of 13
cato
1 of 13
dimm
1 of 13
Fer2
1 of 13
HLH3B
1 of 13
net
1 of 13
sage
1 of 13
soul
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    aseUAS.cBa
    ameliorates  brain cancer
    modeled by tllUAS.cKa
    (Hakes and Brand, 2020)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    ASCL1; achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1
    5 of 14
    100790
         
        ASCL2; achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 2
        5 of 14
        601886
            ASCL3; achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 3
            3 of 14
            609154
                ASCL4; achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 4
                3 of 14
                609155
                     
                    ASCL5; achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 5
                    3 of 14
                    620809
                        Functional Complementation Data
                        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
                        Interactions
                        Summary of Physical Interactions
                        Summary of Genetic Interactions
                        Interaction Browsers
                        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
                        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
                        Starting gene(s)
                        Interaction type
                        Interacting gene(s)
                        Reference
                        ase
                        suppressible
                        esg
                        (Li et al., 2017, Fuse et al., 1999)
                        ase
                        suppressible
                        nvy
                        (Wildonger and Mann, 2005)
                        Starting gene(s)
                        Interaction type
                        Interacting gene(s)
                        Reference
                        ato
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Mora et al., 2018)
                        EcR
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Zhang et al., 2024)
                        esg
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Li et al., 2017)
                        nvy
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Wildonger and Mann, 2005)
                        Oatp74D
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Zhang et al., 2024)
                        pnt
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Zhu et al., 2011)
                        sc
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Ayyar et al., 2010)
                        usp
                        suppressible
                        ase
                        (Zhang et al., 2024)
                        External Data
                        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
                        Efficient DNA binding requires dimerization with another bHLH protein.
                        (UniProt, P09775 )
                        Linkouts
                        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                        Pathways
                        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
                        Metabolic Pathways
                        FlyBase
                        External Links
                        External Data
                        Linkouts
                        Class of Gene
                        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
                        Chromosome (arm)
                        X
                        Recombination map
                        1-0
                        Cytogenetic map
                        1B3-1B3
                        Sequence location
                        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
                        Cytogenetic map
                        Evidence for location
                        1B3-1B3
                        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG17896EP1320&P{EP}EP1398 and P{EP}svrEP356&P{EP}argEP452
                        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
                        Cytogenetic map
                        Notes
                        References
                        1B3-1B3
                        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
                        (Gonzalez et al., 1989)
                        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
                        Location

                        1-0

                        (FlyBase, 2016)

                        1-0.0

                        (Comeron et al., 2012)
                        Left of (cM)
                        Right of (cM)
                        Notes
                        Stocks and Reagents
                        Stocks (42)
                        Genomic Clones (9)
                         

                        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

                        cDNA Clones (5)
                         

                        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

                        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
                        BDGP DGC clones
                        Other clones
                          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                          BDGP DGC clones
                          Other clones
                          RNAi and Array Information
                          Linkouts
                          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                          Antibody Information
                          Cell Line Information
                          Publicly Available Cell Lines
                           
                            Other Stable Cell Lines
                             
                              Other Comments

                              The Li and Graur method estimates the duplication time of two paralogous genes when the divergence time between the species is known. Using this method the duplication time between sc and Dsim\sc, and ase and Dsim\ase is estimated 50 MYA.

                              (Gandarela and Valade, 1998)

                              ac-sc mutants are epistatic over E(spl)-C mutants.

                              (Heitzler et al., 1996)

                              All proneural proteins are similarly able to promote the segregation of a neural precursor at the MP2 neuroblast position but show distinct capacities in its specification.

                              (Parras et al., 1996)

                              Loss of function mutations in the AS-C lead to a significant reduction in sensory bristles and glial cells.

                              (Giangrande, 1995)

                              ase may be a neural precursor gene, rather than a proneural gene. Its products are found in the neural precursor during its formation but not in the proneural cluster of cells that gave rise to the neural precursor cell. Its expression persists longer than that of other proneural genes. The expression of ase is apparently downstream of the proneural and neurogenic genes, and its ectopic expression bypasses the requirement for ac and sc in the formation of the imaginal sense organs.

                              (Brand et al., 1993)

                              Defects due to ase mutations are enhanced by the haploid condition of other genes of the ASC, and can be corrected by an ase transgene. ase has a proneural function that participates in the singling out of the sensory mother cells that give rise to the recurved bristles of the anterior wing margin, and ectopically expressed ase generates extra sense organs.

                              (Dominguez and Campuzano, 1993)

                              The neural precursor regulatory element of ase has been defined, and contains binding sites for heterodimers between the products of the da and ac and sc loci.

                              (Jarman et al., 1993)

                              The ase transcription unit shows high homology to the basic domain of the ac, sc and l(1)sc genes as revealed by cross-hybridization studies. The initiation of ase transcription is shifted temporally and spatially in relation to the other genes of the ASC, this implies that the ase promoter responds to specific positional cues for its expression.

                              (Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)

                              The achaete-scute complex defines the basic topology of the sense organ pattern, rather than the type or precise location of the elements. ase is sufficient for the development of Class C neurons: a set of segmentally repeated multi-innervated structures and several mono-innervated sense organs. The ase function can to some extent be substituted by pcl.

                              (Dambly-Chaudiere and Ghysen, 1987)
                              Relationship to Other Genes
                              Source for database merge of
                              Additional comments
                              Nomenclature History
                              Source for database identify of

                              Source for identity of: ase CG3258

                              (Nusskern, 1999.11)
                              Nomenclature comments
                              Etymology
                              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (18)
                              Reported As
                              Symbol Synonym
                              AS-C T8
                              (Wainwright and Ish-Horowicz, 1992, Vaessin et al., 1990)
                              AS-C T8ase
                              (Abmayr et al., 1992)
                              AS-T8
                              (Nakachi et al., 1997)
                              ASC
                              Ase
                              (Pollington et al., 2023, Yasugi and Sato, 2022, Rajan et al., 2021, Carmena, 2020, Chen and Desplan, 2020, Hailstone et al., 2020, Maurange, 2020, Sato and Yasugi, 2020, Yaghmaeian Salmani and Thor, 2020, Curt et al., 2019, Neves and Eisenman, 2019, Ramon-Cañellas et al., 2019, Sato et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2019, Mora et al., 2018, Janssens et al., 2017, Li et al., 2017, Liu and Jin, 2017, Altenhein et al., 2016, Yasugi and Nishimura, 2016, Apitz and Salecker, 2015, Eroglu et al., 2014, Ferrero et al., 2014, Koe et al., 2014, Carney et al., 2013, Zhou and Luo, 2013, Haenfler et al., 2012, Homem and Knoblich, 2012, Xiao et al., 2012, Zarifi et al., 2012, Zhu et al., 2012, Hwang and Rulifson, 2011, Neumüller et al., 2011, Orihara-Ono et al., 2011, Ouyang et al., 2011, Ouyang et al., 2011, Viktorin et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Weng and Lee, 2011, Zhu et al., 2011, Bardin et al., 2010, Bayraktar et al., 2010, Chang et al., 2010, Kitajima et al., 2010, Monastirioti et al., 2010, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2010, Weng et al., 2010, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2009, Egger et al., 2007, Gallagher and Knoblich, 2006, Hutterer et al., 2006, Gomes and Schweisguth, 2005)
                              Asense
                              (Boumard and Bardin, 2021, Dapergola et al., 2021, Mishra et al., 2021)
                              CG3258
                              (Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Schlatter and Maier, 2005, Benos, 2000.12.13)
                              EG:165H7.2
                              (Benos et al., 2001, Benos, 2000.12.13)
                              T1
                              (Long et al., 2000)
                              T1A
                              (Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                              T1a
                              (Campos-Ortega and Knust, 1990, Campos-Ortega and Knust, 1990)
                              T8
                              (Gandarela and Valade, 1998, Rao et al., 1991, Alonso and Cabrera, 1988)
                              as-T8
                              (Prakash et al., 1993)
                              ascT8
                              (Johnson et al., 1990)
                              ase
                              (El-Danaf et al., 2025, Plygawko et al., 2025, Balakireva et al., 2024, Collins et al., 2024, Ko et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Bravo González-Blas et al., 2023, Voutyraki et al., 2023, Soares et al., 2022, Theodorou et al., 2022, Crocker et al., 2021, Hakes and Brand, 2020, Hassan et al., 2020, Li and Hidalgo, 2020, Magadi et al., 2020, Mira and Morante, 2020, Brunet Avalos et al., 2019, Sapar and Han, 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Aughey et al., 2018, Baker and Brown, 2018, Bischof et al., 2018, He et al., 2018, Li et al., 2018, Loewen et al., 2018, Shaikh and Tejedor, 2018, Hartenstein et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Kwon et al., 2016, Shaikh et al., 2016, Urbach et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2015, model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Network (modERN) Project, 2015-, Schertel et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Zeng and Hou, 2015, Amcheslavsky et al., 2014, Ciglar et al., 2014, Eroglu et al., 2014, Komori et al., 2014, Aleksic et al., 2013, Southall et al., 2013, Weavers and Skaer, 2013, Zeng et al., 2013, Berger et al., 2012, Carney et al., 2012, Garcia et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Cave et al., 2011, San-Juán and Baonza, 2011, Ayyar et al., 2010, Sousa-Neves and Rosas, 2010, zur Lage and Jarman, 2010, Kang et al., 2009, Kunert et al., 2009, Lin et al., 2009, McKay et al., 2009, Southall and Brand, 2009, Bowman et al., 2008, McDermott and Kliman, 2008, Usui et al., 2008, Yasugi et al., 2008, Ayyar et al., 2007, Gutierrez et al., 2007, Choksi et al., 2006, Ko et al., 2006, Apitz et al., 2005, Emery et al., 2005, Schlatter and Maier, 2005, Noor and Kliman, 2003, Wallace et al., 2000, Mari-Beffa et al., 1991)
                              asense
                              (Josserand et al., 2023)
                              bHLHc28
                              (Stevens et al., 2008)
                              sc/T8
                              Name Synonyms
                              Asense
                              (Strunov et al., 2022, Ramon-Cañellas et al., 2019, Kwon et al., 2016, Apitz and Salecker, 2015, Koe et al., 2014, Lai and Doe, 2014, Berger et al., 2012, Saini and Reichert, 2012, Yoshiura et al., 2012, Orihara-Ono et al., 2011, Viktorin et al., 2011, Bayraktar et al., 2010, Kitajima et al., 2010, Monastirioti et al., 2010, zur Lage and Jarman, 2010, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2009, Wang et al., 2009, Bowman et al., 2008, Roegiers et al., 2005, Wang et al., 2005, Yu et al., 2003)
                              asense
                              (Zhang et al., 2024, Aggarwal et al., 2022, Sallé et al., 2017, Young and Marcotte, 2017, Urbach et al., 2016, Amcheslavsky et al., 2014, Hsiao et al., 2014, Southall et al., 2014, Shen et al., 2013, Zeng et al., 2013, Ouyang et al., 2011, Ayyar et al., 2010, Bardin et al., 2010, Biehs et al., 2010, Chang et al., 2010, Lin et al., 2010, Kang et al., 2009, McKay et al., 2009, Southall and Brand, 2009, Ishihara and Shibata, 2008, Jarman et al., 2008, Lage and Jarman, 2008, Usui et al., 2008, Yasugi et al., 2008, Ayyar et al., 2007, Choksi et al., 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006, Schlatter and Maier, 2005)
                              Secondary FlyBase IDs
                                Datasets (0)
                                Study focus (0)
                                Experimental Role
                                Project
                                Project Type
                                Title
                                Study result (0)
                                Result
                                Result Type
                                Title
                                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 37 )
                                Sequence Crossreferences
                                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                                UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                                Other crossreferences
                                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                                BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                                FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                                Linkouts
                                BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                                DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                                Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                                Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
                                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                                References (382)