FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Sams
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Sams
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase
Annotation Symbol
CG2674
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0005278
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
methionine adenosyltransferase (2.5.1.6)
Gene Summary
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (Sams) encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) from L-methionine and ATP in the L-methionine cycle. SAM is the main methyl group donor for methylation reactions. [Date last reviewed: 2026-01-22] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Sam-S, Su(z)5, M(2)21AB, SAM synthase, Minute (2) 21AB

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-0.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:106903..114432
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (4 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000239344
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the AdoMet synthase family. (P40320)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
methionine adenosyltransferase activity
L-methionine + ATP + H2O = S-adenosyl-L-methionine + phosphate + diphosphate (2.5.1.6)
RHEA 21080:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (Sams) encodes a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) from L-methionine and ATP in the L-methionine cycle. SAM is the main methyl group donor for methylation reactions. [Date last reviewed: 2026-01-22]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED ALKYL OR ARYL (OTHER THAN METHYL) TRANSFERASES -
This group comprises alkyl or aryl (other than methyl) group transferases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
L-METHIONINE CYCLE -
L-methionine is an essential amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins, L-cysteine, and the methyl group donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM or AdoMet). In the L-methionine cycle, which occurs in the cytosol, L-methionine is converted to SAM which can be catabolised by various methyltransferases, such as Gnmt, to S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH). SAH is then hydrolysed to L-homocysteine which is either used to synthesize L-cysteine (via the transsulfuration pathway) or re-methylated to produce L-methionine. SAM is the main source of methyl groups for the methylation of proteins, nucleic acids and other substrates. It is also used to generate S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine, a propylamino group donor required for polyamine biosynthesis. (Adapted from PMID:31460700 and FBrf0262689.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Catalyzes the formation of S-adenosylmethionine from methionine and ATP. The reaction comprises two steps that are both catalyzed by the same enzyme: formation of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and triphosphate, and subsequent hydrolysis of the triphosphate.
(UniProt, P40320)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
M(2)21AB
Body size and bristles reduced in heterozygotes; irregular facets in upper half of eye. Heterozygous females virtually sterile at temperatures above 18; surviving offspring frequently have missing legs or halteres, somewhat narrowed wings, and reduced bristles. Homozygotes lethal. Selected on the basis of a dominant suppressor of zeste phenotype. Characterized by relatively frequent reversions of all features of the phenotype save homozygous lethality. One such revertant found to be deficient for the tip of 2L, suggesting a gain of function rather than haplo insufficiency as the nature of the mutation (Kennison).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
12
Number of Unique Polypeptides
6

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Sams for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P40320)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Variable use of small exons; supported combination results in frameshift and premature stop in downstream exon.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Multiphase exon postulated: exon reading frame differs in alternative transcripts; overlap >20aa.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0089429
2293
408
FBtr0089428
2184
200
FBtr0089431
2380
408
FBtr0089430
2380
408
FBtr0089437
2387
408
FBtr0089433
2353
408
FBtr0089436
1971
381
FBtr0089432
2283
408
FBtr0089434
2429
408
FBtr0089435
2309
408
FBtr0308091
961
115
FBtr0330656
2298
138
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0088445
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088444
22.0
200
6.23
FBpp0088447
44.8
408
6.51
FBpp0088446
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088926
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088449
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088452
42.2
381
6.58
FBpp0088448
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088450
44.7
408
6.51
FBpp0088451
44.8
408
6.51
FBpp0300434
12.2
115
4.82
FBpp0303506
15.2
138
7.47
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

408 aa isoforms: Sams-PC, Sams-PJ
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Sams using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.04

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Sams in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 16 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 10 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Sams
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Sams
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 17 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
6 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
12 of 14
No
Yes
11 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (4)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
13 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (4)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
12 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
11 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Sams. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Links
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-0.5
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    21B2-21B2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spenk06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38k14504
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    21B1-21B2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (23)
    Genomic Clones (20)
    cDNA Clones (236)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Not a Minute locus.

        Expression is enriched in embryonic gonads.

        Mutant M(2)21AB is caused by changes in the gene encoding the enzyme S-adenosylmethionine synthetase. Dominant suppressor and enhancer effects are likely to be caused by a decrease in spermine concentration and it is also likely that polyamines are important molecules in the assembly of higher order chromatin structure.

        Isolated from a Drosophila pupal cDNA library.

        M(2)21AB has been cloned and sequenced.

        One of a class of genes (see MIN record) that when present in one, rather than two, copies, produce a characteristic phenotype consisting of short slender bristles and delayed development.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: M(2)21AB CG2674

        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Sams Sam-S

        Nomenclature comments

        FlyBase Curator comment: Renamed from 'M(2)21AB' to 'Sam-S' because this gene has not been validated as a typical Minute gene, and because 'Sam-S' was the first meaningful symbol to be used for this gene in a published paper.

        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (17)
        Reported As
        Name Synonyms
        Methionine adenosyl transferase
        Minute (2) 21AB
        S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase
        S-adenosylmethionine Synthetase
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0011287
        • FBgn0031218
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 91 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (121)