FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\Xpd
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Xpd
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Xeroderma pigmentosum D
Annotation Symbol
CG9433
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0261850
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
12 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
DNA helicase (3.6.4.12)
DNA 5'-3' helicase (5.6.2.3)
Gene Summary
Xeroderma pigmentosum D (Xpd) encodes a DNA helicase that is a subunit of the basal transcription and DNA repair factor TFIIH. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

DmXPD, ERCC2, l(2)SH2137

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
57C7-57C7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-93
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:21171001..21174504
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (28 terms)
Molecular Function (8 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables 5'-3' DNA helicase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000000973
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
enables ATP binding
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables damaged DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158239
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables DNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001945, InterPro:IPR010614
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables DNA helicase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158192
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables helicase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001945, InterPro:IPR006554, InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables nucleic acid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA damage response
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
involved_in negative regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
inferred from direct assay
(Chen et al., 2003)
involved_in regulation of chromosome segregation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Li et al., 2010)
involved_in regulation of mitotic nuclear division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chen et al., 2003)
involved_in regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stettler et al., 2015)
involved_in response to UV
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stettler et al., 2015)
inferred from direct assay
(Sandoval and Zurita, 2001, Reynaud et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006555
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in nucleotide-excision repair
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001945
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000000973
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
involved_in positive regulation of mitotic recombination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158239
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in RNA polymerase II promoter clearance
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
involved_in transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158239
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000000973
(Aoyagi and Wassarman, 2000)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Aoyagi and Wassarman, 2000)
involved_in transcription open complex formation at RNA polymerase II promoter
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Aguilar-Fuentes et al., 2008, Fregoso et al., 2007, Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome interband
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Herrera-Cruz et al., 2012)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH core complex
inferred from direct assay
(Aguilar-Fuentes et al., 2008)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH holo complex
(Stettler et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000158239
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001945
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH core complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH holo complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000000973
(Aoyagi and Wassarman, 2000, Reynaud et al., 1999)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P18074
(Aoyagi and Wassarman, 2000)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
5'-3' DNA helicase activity
Couples ATP hydrolysis with the unwinding of duplex DNA at the replication fork by translocating in the 5'-3' direction (5.6.2.3)
DNA helicase activity
ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (3.6.4.12)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Xeroderma pigmentosum D (Xpd) encodes a DNA helicase that is a subunit of the basal transcription and DNA repair factor TFIIH. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR II H - CORE COMPLEX -
The general transcription factor complex Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) core complex, is a subcomplex of the TFIIH holoenzyme required in RNA pol II transcription with an ATP-dependent DNA helicase activity required for promoter DNA opening. TFIIH also functions in nucleotide excision repair (NER). After complex loading and the verification step of NER, the cyclin-dependent protein kinase-activating kinase (CAK) subcomplex dissociates and the TFIIH core complex functions independently. (Adapted from PMID:25693126, PMID:21592869 and PMID:30798933).
CDK-ACTIVATING KINASE-XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM D COMPLEX -
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-activating kinase-Xeroderma pigmentosum D (CAK-XPD) complex is a four-subunit kinase module. CAK-XPD has a role in the regulation of the cell cycle progression in mitosis, where XPD negatively regulates the cell cycle function of the CAK activity. (Adapted from FBrf0227236, FBrf0211947, FBrf0159708 and PMID:21592869).
RAD3/XPD-LIKE DNA HELICASES -
Rad3/XPD-like DNA helicases belong to helicase superfamily 2 and are named after the S. cerevisiae Rad3 and human XPD orthologous genes. They typically contain large inserts within the helicase core domains and feature diverse C-termini and N-termini. The XPD/Rad3 helicase is a component of transcription factor IIH, which functions in transcription initiation and nucleotide excision repair in eukaryotes, catalyzing DNA duplex opening localized to the transcription start site or site of DNA damage, respectively. XPD has a 5' to 3' polarity and the helicase activity is dependent on an iron-sulfur cluster binding domain. The XPD gene is the target of mutation in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy, and Cockayne's syndrome (Adapted from PMID:20456941 and PMID:18510925.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Xpd for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7KVP9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Xpd-RA
FBtr0071576
NM_166429
2797
769
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Xpd-PA
FBpp0071503
88.0
769
6.75
Q7KVP9
NP_726036
AAM70857
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

783 (aa)

(Reynaud et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Xpd using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.22

Transcript Expression
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 17
organism
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism | ubiquitous | uniform

Comment: maternally deposited

(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 4
organism | ubiquitous
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic cortex
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 5
• nucleus
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 5 -- 17
somatic cell
• nucleus
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 6 -- 17
• nucleus
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
embryonic/larval fat body
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data

Xpd protein is evenly distributed in the syncytial blastoderm embryo, and is not localized to the nucleus. At the cellular blastoderm stage, Xpd protein is mostly nuclear in somatic cells and is not found in pole cells. After the cellular blastoderm stage, Xpd protein is nuclear in both somatic and pole cells. In third instar larvae, Xpd protein is detected in the nuclei of tissues with polytene chromosomes. On the polytene chromosomes, Xpd protein is detected in interbands and are concentrated in specific zones of the puffs. Colocalization of Xpd protein with the protein detected with human anti-p62 antibody indicates that Xpd protein is part of the TFIIH RNA polymerase II transcription complex. Staining in salivary gland chromosomes increase following UV irradiation of larvae. Some cytoplasmic expression of Xpd is also detected in all developmental stages studied; in larval tissues, some cytoplasmic expression is detected in the fat body.

(Reynaud et al., 1999)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Aguilar-Fuentes et al., 2008, Fregoso et al., 2007, Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome interband
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome puff
inferred from direct assay
(Reynaud et al., 1999)
located_in polytene chromosome
inferred from direct assay
(Herrera-Cruz et al., 2012)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH core complex
inferred from direct assay
(Aguilar-Fuentes et al., 2008)
part_of transcription factor TFIIH holo complex
(Stettler et al., 2015)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Xpd in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 36 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Xpd
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Xpd
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Exel6072
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2R)Exel6073
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal, with XpdG602D
lethal, with XpdR616P
lethal, with XpdR616W
lethal, with XpdR658H
lethal, with XpdR683Q
lethal, with XpdSH2137
lethal (with Df(2R)K11)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdSH2137
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdUAS.Tag:V5
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | partially | heat sensitive
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4ap.PU
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4ptc.PU
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
partially lethal - majority die | conditional, with XpdD234N
partially lethal - majority die | conditional, with XpdG47R
partially lethal - majority die | conditional, with XpdG675R
partially lethal - majority die | conditional, with XpdSH2137
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG47R
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG675R
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR112H
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR601L
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR683W
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR722W
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdSH2137
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdSH2137
abnormal mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdUAS.Tag:V5
decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
decreased size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
increased cell death | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
increased cell death | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ptc.PU
radiation sensitive | embryonic stage, with XpdD234N
radiation sensitive | embryonic stage, with XpdG47R
radiation sensitive | embryonic stage, with XpdG675R
radiation sensitive | embryonic stage, with XpdSH2137
some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdSH2137
some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL, XpdUAS.Tag:V5
some die during embryonic stage | partially | heat sensitive
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
anterior-posterior compartment boundary of the wing disc | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ptc.PU
centrosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG47R
centrosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG675R
centrosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR112H
centrosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR683W
centrosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdSH2137
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
eye disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
mitotic cell cycle | heat sensitive
nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG47R
nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdG675R
nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR112H
nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdR683W
nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 10, with XpdSH2137
ommatidium | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
site of double-strand break | increased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing, with Scer\GAL4nub.PU
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (6)
Hsap\ERCC2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\BRIP1
3 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\DDX11
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\RTEL1
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DDX11L8
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\DDX12P
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Ercc2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Rtel1
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Brip1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ddx11
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Mmus\Ercc2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Brip1
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ddx11
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Rtel1
2 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
Xtro\ercc2
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\brip1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cfap65
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\ddx11
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rtel1
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\ercc2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\ddx11
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\rtel1
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\brip1
2 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\xpd-1
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\chl-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\dog-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\rtel-1
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\Y54G2A.50
2 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002988
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP001537
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\RTEL1_ANOGA
3 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (7)
Atha\UVH6
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G20720
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G20750
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G79890
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G79950
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G09995
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G05635
2 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\RAD3
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\CHL1
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\rad15
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\chl1
2 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)
Ecol\dinG
4 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\yoaA
4 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Xpd. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
CG11403
6 of 13
Rtel1
6 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 10 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
XpdSH2137
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdG675R
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdR601L
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdR683W
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdG47R
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdD234N
(Stettler et al., 2015)
model of  Cockayne syndrome
CEA with XpdG47R
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdG675R
(Stettler et al., 2015)
model of  photosensitive trichothiodystrophy
CEA with XpdR112H
(Stettler et al., 2015)
CEA with XpdR722W
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdD234N
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdR601L
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdR683W
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdG47R
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
model of  Cockayne syndrome
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdG675R
model of  xeroderma pigmentosum
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
model of  Cockayne syndrome
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdR112H
model of  photosensitive trichothiodystrophy
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdR722W
model of  photosensitive trichothiodystrophy
CEA with XpdSH2137
(Stettler et al., 2015)
XpdRNAi.UAS.012.1
model of  adenoid cystic carcinoma
CEA with Hsap\MYBΔC.UAS, NUAS.cMa, ftRNAi.UAS.012.1, kugRNAi.UAS.012.1
(Bangi et al., 2021)
XpdRNAi.UAS.012.2
model of  adenoid cystic carcinoma
CEA with Hsap\MYBΔC.UAS, NUAS.cMa, ftRNAi.UAS.012.2, kugRNAi.UAS.012.2
(Bangi et al., 2021)
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 3 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
ERCC2; ERCC excision repair 2, TFIIH core complex helicase subunit
14 of 14
126340
BRIP1; BRCA1 interacting DNA helicase 1
3 of 14
605882
 
DDX11; DEAD/H-box helicase 11
3 of 14
601150
RTEL1; regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1
3 of 14
608833
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Xpd
suppressible
Ciao1
(Jung et al., 2020)
Xpd
suppressible
CycB
(Li et al., 2010)
Xpd
suppressible
CycE
(Jung et al., 2020)
Xpd
suppressible
sea
(Cho et al., 2025)
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Ciao1
suppressible
Xpd
(Jung et al., 2020)
crb
suppressible
Xpd
(Yeom et al., 2015)
Mms19
suppressible
Xpd
(Nag et al., 2018)
sea
suppressible
Xpd
(Cho et al., 2025)
External Data
Linkouts
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
2R
Recombination map
2-93
Cytogenetic map
57C7-57C7
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
57C7-57C7
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG4266EP2258 and P{EP}CG30394EP962&P{lacW}domk08108
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
57C4-57C6
(Oh et al., 2003)
57C6-57C7
(Brodsky, 1999.3.2)
57C5-57C9
(determined by in situ hybridisation)
(Reynaud et al., 1999, Zurita et al., 1998)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

2-93

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-100.3

(Comeron et al., 2012)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (12)
Genomic Clones (13)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (160)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Aguilar-Fuentes et al., 2006, Reynaud et al., 1999)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Xpd regulates the Cdk-activating-kinase (CAK) complex activity and mitotic progression.

        (Chen et al., 2003)

        1 allele of l(2)SH2137 recovered in a P-insertion screen.

        (Oh et al., 2003)

        Gene is involved in pre-replication DNA repair of UV and AA lesions.

        (de Buendia, 1998)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Xpd l(2)SH2137

        (Li et al., 2010)
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Xpd CG9433

        (Kodira, 1999.11)
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        Named "Xpd" after the human ortholog.

        (FlyBase, 2009-)
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 84 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        References (85)