FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\AkhR

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026

Gene: Dmel\AkhR

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\AkhR

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Adipokinetic hormone receptor

Annotation Symbol

CG11325

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0025595

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

20 publicly available

Gene Summary

Adipokinetic hormone receptor (AkhR) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for the hormone encoded by Akh. It modulates both lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

GRHR, DGRHR, AKH receptor, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, AKH-R

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

2L:6,711,286..6,716,186 [-]

Recombination map

2-22

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:6711286..6716186

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)

Molecular Function (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables adipokinetic hormone binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Akh; FB:FBgn0004552

(Staubli et al., 2002)

enables adipokinetic hormone receptor activity

inferred from direct assay

(Park et al., 2002, Staubli et al., 2002)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables adipokinetic hormone receptor activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001202404

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

enables G protein-coupled receptor activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000276

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000662653

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity

(Radford et al., 2002)

enables neuropeptide receptor activity

inferred from sequence model

(Hewes and Taghert, 2001)

Biological Process (9 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in carbohydrate homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bharucha et al., 2008)

involved_in cellular response to starvation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Rajan et al., 2017)

involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

inferred from direct assay

(Park et al., 2002, Staubli et al., 2002)

involved_in glucose homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Song et al., 2017)

involved_in lipid catabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Grönke et al., 2007)

involved_in lipid homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Rajan et al., 2017, Grönke et al., 2007)

acts_upstream_of positive regulation of glycogen catabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Song et al., 2017)

involved_in triglyceride homeostasis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bharucha et al., 2008)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in cellular response to hormone stimulus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001202348

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway

inferred from sequence model

(Hewes and Taghert, 2001)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000276

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000662653

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Staubli et al., 2002)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in membrane

inferred from sequence model

(Hewes and Taghert, 2001)

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000276, InterPro:IPR017452

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

is_active_in plasma membrane

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000662653

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

inferred by curator from GO:0007186,GO:0097003

(Park et al., 2002)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CLASS A GPCR NEUROPEPTIDE AND PROTEIN HORMONE RECEPTORS

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Adipokinetic hormone receptor (AkhR) encodes a G protein-coupled receptor for the hormone encoded by Akh. It modulates both lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CLASS A GPCR NEUROPEPTIDE AND PROTEIN HORMONE RECEPTORS -: The majority of neuropeptide/protein hormone GPCR belong to the Class A family of GPCRs. The secreted ligands for this subfamily include neuropeptides, peptide hormones and protein hormones. (Adapted from FBrf0195077).

Summary (Interactive Fly)

GPCR - involved in storage-fat mobilization - essential to adjust normal body fat content and ensure lifelong fat-storage homeostasis - functional analog of the mammalian glucagon receptor

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

4

Number of Unique Polypeptides

2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\AkhR for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q7KTL9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0079308

2031

443

FBtr0079309

2781

443

FBtr0079310

2022

455

FBtr0332331

2587

443

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0078938

50.2

443

9.56

FBpp0078939

50.2

443

9.56

FBpp0089220

51.4

455

9.38

FBpp0304609

50.2

443

9.56

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

443 aa isoforms: AkhR-PA, AkhR-PB, AkhR-PD

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\AkhR using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

AkhR_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.94

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 16 -- 17

embryonic/larval fat body

(Grönke et al., 2007)

third instar larval stage

embryonic/larval fat body

(Grönke et al., 2007)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

neuron of adult subesophageal zone | subset

(Yu et al., 2016)

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Staubli et al., 2002)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: P{AkhR-GAL4::p65}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic/larval fat body

(Texada et al., 2022)

Reporter: P{AkhR-Gal4.B}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

(Bharucha et al., 2008)

gustatory receptor neuron | subset

(Bharucha et al., 2008)

Reporter: P{AkhR-GAL4.Y}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

neuron of adult subesophageal zone | subset

(Yu et al., 2016)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\AkhR in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\AkhR

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\AkhR

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0025595

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

33942/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0025595

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0025595

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0025595

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11325

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0025595

Images

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 22 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of AkhR

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of AkhR

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )

Gene disrupted in

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Inferred from location ( 6 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

AkhR^GD586

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

AkhR^GD586

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

AkhR^GD586

Sterility

Allele

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal developmental rate

AkhR¹

abnormal feeding behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^VT011155

AkhR^RNAi.UAS.cUa

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | nutrition conditional

AkhR^null

abnormal oxidative stress response | adult stage

AkhR¹

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage

AkhR¹

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PU

AkhR^JF03256

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PY

AkhR^JF03256

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tdc2.PC

AkhR^JF03256

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage | recessive

AkhR¹

abnormal stress response

decreased rate of adult locomotory behavior, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PU

AkhR^UAS.cLa

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PU

AkhR^JF03256

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PY

AkhR^JF03256

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^Tdc2.PC

AkhR^JF03256

decreased rate of movement | adult stage | recessive | nutrition conditional

AkhR¹

increased body weight | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tub.PU

AkhR^RNAi.UAS.cUa

short lived, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PU

AkhR^UAS.cLa

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PU

AkhR^UAS.cLa

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

AkhR^null

embryonic/larval midgut | third instar larval stage

AkhR¹

interoceptive SEZ neuron | nutrition conditional

AkhR^null

lipid droplet (with AkhR¹)

AkhR²

lipid droplet (with AkhR²)

AkhR¹

wing, with Scer\GAL4^nSyb.PU

AkhR^UAS.cLa

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (135)

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

8 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

3

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

2

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (58)

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Rnor\RGD1560028

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (58)

11 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (109)

Xtro\gnrhr2/nmi

10 of 13

Yes

Yes

9 of 13

No

Yes

9 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100488258

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100489056

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100489992

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100490372

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100490385

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC100491797

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100491885

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC100496229

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC100498398

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC101731906

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC101733812

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC101733830

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC105946838

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC116411706

1 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC116412268

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\LOC116412271

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\opnpl [provisonal]

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (85)

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

2 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\LOC100331077

1 of 14

No

Yes

Drer\LOC100331465

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\LOC100331807

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\LOC101886918

1 of 14

No

Yes

Drer\LOC110440145

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\si:dkey-96n2.3

1 of 14

No

Yes

Drer\si:dkey-148a17.5

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\si:dkey-211g8.1

1 of 14

No

Yes

Drer\si:dkey-247m21.3

1 of 14

No

No

Drer\si:zfos-169g10.2

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (53)

12 of 14

Yes

Yes

5 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

Yes

2 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (45)

12 of 12

Yes

Yes

5 of 12

No

Yes

3 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP000606

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP004122

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012982

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

Yes

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:AkhR. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (42)

4 of 13

3 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 5 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

model of obesity

CEA

(Baumbach et al., 2014)

model of obesity

CEA

(Baumbach et al., 2014, Grönke et al., 2007)

CEA with AkhR²

(Grönke et al., 2007)

CEA with bmm¹

(Grönke et al., 2007)

model of obesity

CEA

(Grönke et al., 2007)

CEA with AkhR¹

(Grönke et al., 2007)

model of obesity

CEA

(Xu et al., 2019)

AkhR^RNAi.UAS.cUa

model of obesity

CEA

(Agrawal et al., 2021)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

GNRHR; gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor

model of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 7 with or without anosmia

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

exacerbates obesity

modeled by Lsd-1¹

(Beller et al., 2010)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GNRHR; gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor

12 of 14

HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM 7 WITH OR WITHOUT ANOSMIA; HH7

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 7 with or without anosmia

GNRHR2; gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 (pseudogene)

8 of 14

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

biochemical, inferred by author, enzymatic study, Identification by mass spectrometry, luminiscence technology

(Caers et al., 2012, Park et al., 2002, Staubli et al., 2002)

enzymatic study, inferred by author

(Park et al., 2002)

enzymatic study, inferred by author

(Park et al., 2002)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Chang et al., 2013)

suppressible

(Yoshinari et al., 2021)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

60095

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0025595

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

33942

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Class of Gene

gene_with_edited_transcript

(Graveley et al., 2011)

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

2L

Recombination map

2-22

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

2L:6,711,286..6,716,186 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

27A1-27A1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Sec61α^EP2180 and P{lacW}Ate1^k10809

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

27A2-27B2

(Hauser, 1998.7.7)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-22

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-21.6

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (20)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

80937

84449

w^*; TI{TI}AkhR^attP

46156

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR18A10-GAL4}attP2

29577

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF03256}attP2

97763

w¹¹¹⁸; P{UAS-AkhR.gRNAx3.pCFD6}attP1

51710

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMC03228}attP40

11021

P{EP}AkhR^G6244

11325R-1

11325R-3

HMC03228

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMC03228}attP40

v109300

P{KK101966}VIE-260B

v9546

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD586}v9546/TM3

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (19)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (10)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

GH19447

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0025595

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

GH20680

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0025595

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(He et al., 2020)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

New stable cell line derived from S2R+ : a stable S2R+ cell line expressing AkhR was generated.
(Song et al., 2017)
New stable cell line derived from S2R+ : Stable S2R+ cell lines expressing 1) AkhR and GFP.rl, 2) AkhR and GFP.SKL, or 3) AkhR and APEX2.rl were generated.
(Li et al., 2023)

Other Comments

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: GRHR BEST:GH19447

(Rana, 2004.7.8)

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: GRHR CG11325

(Wortman, 1999.11)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (28)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

AKH R

(Qi et al., 2021)

AKH-R

(Taghert, 2022, Rasmussen et al., 2015)

AKHr

(Anthoney et al., 2023)

Akh-R

(Strigini and Leulier, 2016)

AkhR

(Ahmad et al., 2025, Asahina and Zelikowsky, 2025, Backlund et al., 2025, Janssens et al., 2025, Klimkowski Arango and Morgante, 2025, Wang et al., 2025, Meschi et al., 2024, Anthoney et al., 2023, Bossen et al., 2023, Gáliková and Klepsatel, 2023, Li et al., 2023, Sun et al., 2023, Gáliková and Klepsatel, 2022, Schlichting et al., 2022, Zhou et al., 2022, Ceder et al., 2021, Garaulet et al., 2021, Heier et al., 2021, Hughson, 2021, Ibaraki et al., 2021, Jacomin et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2021, Parra-Peralbo et al., 2021, Pauls et al., 2021, Wat et al., 2021, Yoshinari et al., 2021, Ahmad et al., 2020, Ceder et al., 2020, Kondo et al., 2020, Koyama et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2020, Hudry et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Xu et al., 2019, Xu et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Hemphill et al., 2018, Levis, 2018.8.30, Ugrankar et al., 2018, Gáliková et al., 2017, Song et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Alfa and Kim, 2016, Cao et al., 2016, Laranjeira et al., 2016, Wiemerslage et al., 2016, Alfa et al., 2015, Gáliková et al., 2015, Matsuda et al., 2015, Metaxakis et al., 2014, Waterson et al., 2014)

AkhR/GRHR

(Kučerová et al., 2016)

Akhr

(Bharucha et al., 2008)

Akhr/GRHR

(Kühnlein, 2010)

BEST:GH19447

CG11325

(Mao et al., 2024, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Ibaraki et al., 2021, Kondo et al., 2020, Metaxakis et al., 2014, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Fujikawa et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Mohammad et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009, Grieder et al., 2007, Grönke et al., 2007, Hauser et al., 2006, Hauser et al., 2006, Bryson-Richardson et al., 2004, Park et al., 2002)

DAKHR

(Cazzamali et al., 2003)

DAKHR-1

(Staubli et al., 2002)

DGRHR

(Hauser, 1998.7.7, Hauser et al., 1998)

GRHR

(Lassetter et al., 2023, Lou et al., 2017, Caers et al., 2012, Izutsu et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Jungreis, 2011.11.18, Fujikawa et al., 2009, Brody and Cravchik, 2000)

GRHR/CG11325

(Hewes and Taghert, 2001.7.31)

GnRHR

(Staubli et al., 2002)

akhR

(Agrawal et al., 2021)

akhr

(Lourido et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2016, Hentze et al., 2015, Pospisilik et al., 2010, Righi et al., 2010)

Name Synonyms

AKH receptor

(Owusu-Ansah and Perrimon, 2014, Veenstra et al., 2008, Staubli et al., 2002)

Adipokinetic Hormone Receptor

(Palm et al., 2012)

Adipokinetic hormone receptor

(Alfa and Kim, 2016, Yu et al., 2016, Yurgel et al., 2015, Caers et al., 2012)

Drm-AKH receptor-1

(Staubli et al., 2002)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

(Felix et al., 2012, Staubli et al., 2002)

adipokinetic hormone receptor

(Newell et al., 2020, Beller et al., 2010, Bharucha et al., 2008)

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor

(Zou et al., 2000)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor

(Eleftherianos and Castillo, 2012, Hauser, 1998.7.7)

hormone receptor

(Zou et al., 2000)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0043817

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 65 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

33942

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q7KTL9

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q7KTL9

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0025595

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

33942/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0025595

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0025595

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0025595

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG11325

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

33942

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

60095

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0025595

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0025595

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0025595

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

AkhR_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0025595

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0025595

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11325

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0025595

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0025595

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

33942

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

References (205)