FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Gad1

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Gad1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1

Annotation Symbol

CG14994

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0004516

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

51 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

glutamate decarboxylase (4.1.1.15)

Gene Summary

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (Gad1) encodes an essential, nervous system-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase, which is the synthetic enzyme for the major inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA). It is required for a multitude of physiological functions and adult behaviors dependent on GABA, including sleep, memory, circadian rhythms and egg hatching. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Gad, glutamic acid decarboxylase, glutamatic acid decarboxylase, DGad1, l(3)64An

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

64A5-64A5

Sequence location

3L:4,074,077..4,088,744 [-]

Recombination map

3-10

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:4074077..4088744

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)

Molecular Function (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutamate decarboxylase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables carbon-carbon lyase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables carboxy-lyase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR021115

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables glutamate decarboxylase activity

inferred from sequence or structural similarity

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002903772

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

non-traceable author statement

(Featherstone et al., 2002)

enables pyridoxal phosphate binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (8 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kueppers et al., 2003)

involved_in L-glutamate catabolic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Featherstone et al., 2002)

involved_in larval locomotory behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

involved_in neuromuscular junction development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

involved_in olfactory learning

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Liu and Davis, 2009)

involved_in response to mechanical stimulus

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:kcc; FB:FBgn0261794

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006)

involved_in synapse assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Featherstone et al., 2002)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in carboxylic acid metabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process

non-traceable author statement

(Featherstone et al., 2002)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002903772

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Lye et al., 2014)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasm

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000242648

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CARBOXY-LYASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. (P20228)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

glutamate decarboxylase activity

L-glutamate + H(+) = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2 (4.1.1.15)

RHEA 17785:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CARBOXY-LYASES -: Carboxy-lyases are involved in the the addition of a carboxyl group to a compound (carboxylases) or the removal of a carboxyl group from a compound (decarboxylases). (Adapted from FBrf0238856).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Catalyzes the production of GABA.

(UniProt, P20228)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

Gad: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (J.C. Hall)

The structural gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Gad probes detect putative GAD-encoding 3.1-kb mRNA, from 4-8 h of embryogenesis to adulthood; a 2.6-kb RNA was also found, in embryos and pupae only; in situ hybridization detects the RNA(s) in widely, but not uniformly, distributed CNS cortical regions (of adult heads and larvae), with no detectable signals in non-neural tissues.

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gad1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P20228)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Gad1-RA

FBtr0073276

NM_079190

3050

510

Gad1-RB

FBtr0073275

NM_168055

3362

510

Gad1-RC

FBtr0073277

NM_168056

3151

510

Gad1-RD

FBtr0332980

NM_001274467

3017

510

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Gad1-PA

FBpp0073132

57.8

510

6.51

FBpp0073131

57.8

510

6.51

FBpp0073133

57.8

510

6.51

FBpp0305196

57.8

510

6.51

P20228

NP_001261396

AGB94091

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

510 aa isoforms: Gad1-PA, Gad1-PB, Gad1-PC, Gad1-PD

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, P20228)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gad1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.63

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

embryonic brain

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic central brain neuron

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval nervous system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral cord neuron

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral midline of embryo

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval ventral nerve cord

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval midline neuron

(Kearney et al., 2004)

embryonic stage 17

larval VUM interneuron

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

lineage MNB primary interneuron

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Gad1 protein is expressed in both the anterior and posterior rings of the ellipsoid body.

(Kahsai et al., 2012)

Most, but not quite all, local interneurons of the adult antennal lobe express Gad1.

(Chou et al., 2010)

Gad1 protein is expressed in a few cells adjacent to the insulin producing cells (IPC) of the pars intercerebralis.

(Enell et al., 2010)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Lye et al., 2014)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: Mi{Trojan-lexA:QFAD.2}Gad1^{MI09277-TlexA:QFAD.2}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

first instar larval stage

GABAergic neuron | subset of larval ventral nerve cord

(Babski et al., 2019)

adult stage

medulla intrinsic neuron Mi4

(Davis et al., 2020)

GABAergic neuron

(Cheong et al., 2024)

Reporter: Mi{Trojan-QF2.2}Gad1^{MI09277-TQF2.2}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult ellipsoid body ring neuron

(Xie et al., 2017)

Reporter: P{Gad1-GAL4.3.098}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage

antennal lobe

(Jefferis et al., 2004)

GABAergic neuron

(Nässel et al., 2008)

prepupal stage P1 -- P4

organism

Comment: expression is absent

(Jefferis et al., 2004)

pharate adult stage P14

GABAergic neuron

(Muthukumar et al., 2014)

adult stage

interneuron | subset

(Yu et al., 2004, Ng et al., 2002)

GABAergic neuron

(Nässel et al., 2008)

neuron | subset of adult brain

(Chen et al., 2012)

eye

Comment: medium expression

(Chen et al., 2012)

ellipsoid body

Comment: strong expression

(Chen et al., 2012)

adult mushroom body

Comment: strong expression

(Chen et al., 2012)

antennal lobe projection neuron

Comment: medium expression

(Chen et al., 2012)

mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell

Comment: faint expression

(Chen et al., 2012)

adult antennal lobe local neuron | subset

(Ng et al., 2002)

adult antennal lobe glomerulus

(Yu et al., 2004, Ng et al., 2002)

adult antennal lobe local neuron

(Yu et al., 2004)

adult antennal lobe

(Yu et al., 2004)

adult antennal lobe | restricted

(Ng et al., 2002)

adult GABAergic neuron

(Wu et al., 2023)

Reporter: P{Gad1-GAL4.S}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

neuron | subset of adult brain

(Dahdal et al., 2010)

GABAergic local interneuron of the adult antennal lobe

(Liu et al., 2015)

adult GABAergic neuron

(Haynes et al., 2024)

Reporter: P{Gad1-GAL4.U}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

medulla non-directional M6 local neuron 5

(Chin et al., 2014)

Reporter: PBac{602.P.SVS-1}Gad1^CPTI000977

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult lateral horn

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

adult optic lobe

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

calyx of adult mushroom body

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

adult brain cell body rind

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

adult brain | restricted

(Lowe et al., 2014)

Reporter: TI{2A-lexA::GAD}Gad1^2A-lexA

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

GABAergic neuron | subset

(Deng et al., 2019)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gad1 in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Gad1

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Gad1

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0004516

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

38484/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0004516

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0004516

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0004516

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG14994

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0004516

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\Gad1

Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 32 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gad1

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gad1

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 18 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 18 )

Gene not disrupted in

Df(3L)7-12

(Kulkarni et al., 1994)

Df(3L)3686

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Df(3L)ems13

(Feng et al., 1995)

Df(3L)GN19

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Df(3L)GN24

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Df(3L)GN50

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Df(3L)TE3

(Feng et al., 1995, Kulkarni et al., 1994)

T(2;3)TE2

(Feng et al., 1995)

Inferred from location ( 6 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gad1^GD8508

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gad1^GD8508

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Gad1^GD8508

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Gad1^GD8508

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Gad1^GD8508

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal behavior, with Scer\GAL4^5-HT1B.PY

Gad1^GD8508

abnormal behavior | larval stage

Gad1^L352F

abnormal feeding behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^0098-G4

Gad1^RNAi.UAS.cUa

abnormal flight, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gad1^GD8508

abnormal locomotor behavior

abnormal locomotor behavior, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gad1^GD8508

abnormal locomotor behavior | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^9-20, Scer\GAL80^iav.PF

abnormal medium-term memory | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^VT064246

Gad1^GD8508

abnormal neurophysiology

Gad1^L352F

abnormal neurophysiology, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gad1^UAS.cFa

abnormal neurophysiology | embryonic stage | recessive

abnormal phototaxis | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR13B07

Gad1^HMC03350

abnormal smell perception, with Scer\GAL4^GH146

Gad1^GD8508

abnormal touch perception | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR41E11

Gad1^GD8508

some die during embryonic stage | recessive

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

adult mushroom body anterior paired lateral cell, with Scer\GAL4^GH146

Gad1^GD8508

bouton

neuromuscular junction

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (11)

Hsap\GAD1

14 of 14

Yes

Hsap\GAD2

13 of 14

Yes

7 of 14

7 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Hsap\PDXDC2P-NPIPB14P

1 of 14

Hsap\SEPSECS

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (9)

Rnor\Gad1

14 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Gad2

13 of 14

Yes

8 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (9)

Mmus\Gad1

13 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Gad2

13 of 14

Yes

7 of 14

7 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (12)

Xtro\gad1.1

8 of 13

Yes

Xtro\gad1.2

7 of 13

Yes

Xtro\gad2

7 of 13

Yes

5 of 13

3 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (11)

Drer\gad2

13 of 14

Yes

Drer\gad3

13 of 14

Yes

Drer\gad1a

12 of 14

Yes

Drer\gad1b

12 of 14

Yes

Drer\csad

8 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)

Cele\unc-25

13 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (13)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005866

12 of 12

Yes

6 of 12

5 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (13)

Atha\EMB1075

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\TYRDC

3 of 13

Yes

Atha\AAS

2 of 13

Atha\GAD2

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GAD3

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GAD4

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GAD5

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\GAD

2 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G28020

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)

Scer\DPL1

2 of 13

Yes

Scer\GAD1

1 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)

Ecol\gadA

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\gadB

1 of 11

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gad1. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (10)

Adc

6 of 13

CG5618

6 of 13

Ddc

3 of 13

Hdc

3 of 13

Sply

3 of 13

Tdc2

3 of 13

amd

2 of 13

CG1486

2 of 13

Tdc1

2 of 13

SecS

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

GAD1; glutamate decarboxylase 1

model of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 89

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Gad1^L352F

ameliorates epilepsy

modeled by kcc^DHS1

(Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006)

Gad1^UAS.cKa

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 10

modeled by TBPH^Δ23

(Romano et al., 2018)

modeled by TBPH^Δ23, TBPH^GD6943

(Romano et al., 2018)

Gad1^GD8508

ameliorates neurofibromatosis

modeled by Nf1^JF01866

(Georganta et al., 2021)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GAD1; glutamate decarboxylase 1

14 of 14

605363

DEVELOPMENTAL AND EPILEPTIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 89; DEE89

developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 89

GAD2; glutamate decarboxylase 2

13 of 14

138275

CSAD; cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase

7 of 14

616569

GADL1; glutamate decarboxylase like 1

7 of 14

615601

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

Gad1 - pum

electrophoretic mobility shift assay, autoradiography

(Chen et al., 2008)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Li et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Zhou et al., 2019)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, P20228 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

63964

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0004516

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Class of Gene

gene_with_edited_transcript

(Graveley et al., 2011)

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-10

Cytogenetic map

64A5-64A5

Sequence location

3L:4,074,077..4,088,744 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

64A5-64A5

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)rG166^rG166 and P{PZ}sinu⁰⁶⁵²⁴

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

64A5-64A5

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Newby et al., 1993)

64A3-64A5

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Jackson et al., 1990)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-10

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-8.6

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (51)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

51630

P{Gad1-GAL4.3.098}2/CyO

39081

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR54F06-GAL4}attP2

39186

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR58F02-GAL4}attP2

39196

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR58G12-GAL4}attP2

41280

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR54G12-GAL4}attP2

46067

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR55C06-GAL4}attP2

Korea

16207

P{R54G12-lexA::GADfl}attP40

17603

P{R58F02-LexA::GADfl}attP40

VDRC

v330039

P{VSH330039}attP40

v200511

P{VT025338-GAL4}attP2

v206470

P{VT025342-GAL4}attP2

v32344

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD8508}v32344

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (23)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (94)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

HL02049

Other clones

DPiM_HL02049

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0004516

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0004516

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

All detectable embryonic GABA is produced by the Gad1 enzyme. Onset of detectable GABA production in the embryonic CNS occurs late in neurogenesis and is tightly regulated by a suppression of Gad1 downstream of Gad1 translation. GABA expression in primary cell cultures is influenced by K⁺. Suppression of GABA in chronically high K⁺ is independent of synaptic release. The negative regulation of Gad1 can be overridden by drugs known to elevate intracellular free Ca²⁺.

(Kueppers et al., 2003)

Gad1 has a role in glutamatergic synaptogenesis.

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Discussed during genetic analysis of the Ras64B-Rop region.

(Harrison et al., 1995)

The genomic organisation of the Gad1 locus has been determined.

(Newby et al., 1993)

Gad1 has been cloned and characterised.

(Jackson et al., 1990)

Cloned by cross-hybridization with feline GAD-encoding gene. The structural gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Cloned by cross-hybridization with feline GAD-encoding gene. Gad probes detect putative GAD-encoding 3.1-kb mRNA, from 4-8 h of embryogenesis to adulthood; a 2.6-kb RNA was also found, in embryos and pupae only; in situ hybridization detects the RNA(s) in widely, but not uniformly, distributed CNS cortical regions (of adult heads and larvae), with no detectable signals in non-neural tissues.

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Gad1 l(3)64An

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (27)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG14994

(Mao et al., 2024, Meadows, 2017.1.11, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Mohammad et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009)

DGAD1

(Phillips et al., 2005)

DGad1

(Phillips et al., 1995, Phillips et al., 1993)

Dm-GDC

(Richardson et al., 2010)

GAD

(Zhou et al., 2025, Yamazaki et al., 2023, Zhou et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2014, Martín-Peña et al., 2014, Lei et al., 2013, Ren et al., 2012, Verstreken and Bellen, 2002, Jackson, 1993.11.30, Buchner, 1991, Jackson, 1990)

GAD-1

(Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008)

GAD1

(Chaturvedi and Emery, 2024, Wang et al., 2021, Morimoto et al., 2020, Slankster et al., 2020, Deng et al., 2019, Shankar et al., 2015, Kahsai et al., 2012, Séjourné et al., 2011, Leiss et al., 2009, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, Enell et al., 2007, Hamasaka et al., 2005, Ng et al., 2002)

GAD₁

(Phillips et al., 1991)

Gad

(Huang et al., 2024, Zhao et al., 2019, Ren et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Leal et al., 2009, Liu and Davis, 2009, Kuppers et al., 2001, Feng et al., 1995, Kulkarni et al., 1994, Newby et al., 1993, Jackson et al., 1990)

Gad1

(El-Danaf et al., 2025, Janssens et al., 2025, Lee et al., 2025, Song et al., 2025, Walsh et al., 2025, Yan et al., 2025, Zhang et al., 2025, Zheng et al., 2025, Chvilicek et al., 2024, Qu et al., 2024, Mele et al., 2023, Singh et al., 2023, Sun et al., 2023, Voutyraki et al., 2023, Corrales et al., 2022, Dvořáček et al., 2022, Chow et al., 2021, Landayan et al., 2021, Layalle et al., 2021, Liang et al., 2021, Romano et al., 2021, Simon and Konstantinides, 2021, Xie et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2021, Chvilicek et al., 2020, de Azevedo et al., 2020, Estacio-Gómez et al., 2020, Gao et al., 2020, Hope et al., 2020, Kurmangaliyev et al., 2020, Lee and Wu, 2020, Newell et al., 2020, Omamiuda-Ishikawa et al., 2020, Öztürk-Çolak et al., 2020, Brunet Avalos et al., 2019, Kong et al., 2019, Ni et al., 2019, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Shih et al., 2019, Croset et al., 2018, Romano et al., 2018, Fisher et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Crocker et al., 2016, Fushiki et al., 2016, Jeong et al., 2016, Pavlou et al., 2016, Diao et al., 2015, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Haynes et al., 2015, Chatterjee et al., 2014, Li et al., 2014, Liu et al., 2014, Lowe et al., 2014, Crickmore and Vosshall, 2013, Liang et al., 2013, Younger et al., 2013, Manning et al., 2012, Paranjpe et al., 2012, Friedman et al., 2011, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Enell et al., 2010, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Mohammad et al., 2009, Okada et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2008, Nässel et al., 2008, Wheeler et al., 2008, Dietzl et al., 2007, Passador-Gurgel et al., 2007, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006)

Glb

dGad1

(Featherstone et al., 2000)

dgad1

(Broadie and Richmond, 2002)

gad

(Featherstone et al., 2005, Chavez et al., 2000)

gad1

(Johard et al., 2008, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, Featherstone et al., 2002)

l(3)64An

(Harrison, 1999.5.12)

l(3)SH10

(Harrison et al., 1995)

Name Synonyms

GABA synthetase

(Li et al., 2014)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

(Martín-Peña et al., 2014)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1

(Crickmore and Vosshall, 2013, Xun et al., 2008)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase-1

(Chou et al., 2010)

glutamate decarboxylase

(Richardson et al., 2010)

glutamatic acid decarboxylase

(Lei et al., 2013, Wu et al., 2012)

glutamic acid decarboxylase

(Ren et al., 2012, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Liu and Davis, 2009, Nässel et al., 2008)

glutamic acid decarboxylase 1

(Pavlou et al., 2016)

glutamic acid decarboxylase-1

(Johard et al., 2008, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008)

vesicular glutamic acid decarboxylase

(Leal et al., 2009)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0001088
FBgn0001110
FBgn0016015

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 66 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

38484

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

P20228

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P20228

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

M9PH99

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

P20228

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0004516

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

38484/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0004516

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0004516

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0004516

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG14994

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

38484

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

63964

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0004516

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0004516

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0004516

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0004516

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0004516

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG14994

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0004516

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0004516

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC009324

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

References (240)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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